Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 2

Promoting - Essay Example Market division was presented in 1956 by Wendell Smith, and from that point forward it has, more than some other advertising idea, been the subject of insightful conversation and request (Quinn, 2009). His fundamental contention lay as in products will have the option to understand their greatest potential utility if the distinctions among advertise fragments were perceived and obliged, as opposed to if merchandise were delivered unpredictably for the mass market (Foedermayr and Diamantopoulos, 2008). The knowledge in division is that it helps in making a homogeneous gathering out of a heterogeneous market, for which a progressively compelling advertising blend might be structured. This improves the engaging quality of the firm and its items to the objective section, by permitting the organization to all the more capably meet the customers’ saw needs. Moreover, the division practice attempted by the organization during the time spent planning better empowers the organization t o all the more explicitly decide and comprehend client needs, and the standards by which such needs might be sectioned. A closer match could thusly be made between the item structure, the advertising approach, and the necessities of the clients (McDonald and Dunbar, 2007). Market division is thought about as a profoundly helpful â€Å"sense-making† device, regularly to convey to the focused on advertise in the best way (Quinn, 2009, p. 253). Nonetheless, how much it is valuable as an apparatus for making explicit vital plans is the subject of current discussion. A notable analysis against dependence on division as an idea developed during the 1990s. Around then it got evident to certain researchers that shopper ways of life keep on becoming progressively divided. Thus, advertise division seems to turn out to be increasingly more inadequate as a substantial technique for characterizing the market of a firm (Quinn, 2009; Charles, 2002; Holt, 1997). The possibility of â€Å"lif estyle† has been utilized to characterize showcase fragments, yet increasingly more the idea has gotten obscure and uncertain. Practically speaking, it has gotten hard to characterize in detail all clients served by a firm or industry, and progressively the way to deal with division is to recognize the measures generally critical to that business and gap the clients into bunches as per those classes that are generally reasonable (Quinn, 2009, p. 255). The varieties in ways of life and the wide assortment of separated items have made not a couple of general homogeneous markets; despite what might be expected, and for certain ventures specifically, customization of item and administration structures have become the norm. For example, in addressable and intelligent correspondences are profiled against individualized client investigation and penchant demonstrating; these help with deciding the probability that particular suggestions will be acknowledged (Bailey, Baines, Wilson and Clark, 2009). 2. What are the diverse division forms for both B2C and B2B? To comprehend the various methodologies concerning B2C and B2B markets, it is important to characterize the terms. B2C is short for business-to-client; that is, the business that provisions the item, regardless of whether great or administration, is focusing on the end client or individual customer. Then again, B2B alludes

Securitization Pros Essay Example for Free

Securitization Pros Essay The presentation of monetary segment changes in India has prompted advancements in money related markets and instruments. One of the most conspicuous advancements in the universal account lately that is probably going to accept considerably more prominent significance in future is ‘securitisation’. Securitisation is the way toward pooling and re-bundling of homogenous illiquid credits into attractive protections. Expanded weight on working productivity, on advertise specialties, on upper hands, and on capital quality, all give fuel to quick changes. Securitisation is one of the answers for these difficulties. 2. Hold Bank of India, as a facilitator, has endeavored to investigate the complexities of securitisation as a procedure of monetary designing and its relevance to the Indian money related framework particularly in the home loan and foundation areas. The in-house Working Group comprised by the Bank had the advantage of introductions of and cooperation with showcase go-betweens, controllers, industry specialists and worldwide organizations on different angles related with securitisation. 3. The report characterizes resource securitisation and makes a reference to future stream securitisation. Inspiration and advantages as capital help, improvement consequently on value and profit for resources, use as a vital apparatus, resource risk the board, improved liquidity, upgradation in framework, Originator discipline, and so on have been featured. 4. Different hindrances viz. , absence of investors’ base, capital market foundation, administrative system, legitimate arrangements, bookkeeping and tax assessment gives other than great quality resources, past information and normalization of reports have been distinguished. During the time spent investigating openings in India, the perfect conditions for achievement of securitisation in USA and different nations are featured. 5. Experience of securitisation in a couple of created nations (USA, Japan, Australia, and so on ) and developing markets like Thailand, Argentina and Morocco has been examined in detail. The report additionally recognizes securitisation of hindered resources. 6. The revelation standards and rating will give touchstones. The Offer Document should give rating method of reasoning which should try to remark on the nature of the receivables, installment structures, ampleness of the credit upgrade, dangers and worries for speculators and the alleviating factors, and so forth. Rating organizations have just gained a reasonable level of skill in India through rating of organized commitments and different issues that are very like securitisation. 7. Genuine deal qualities of securitisation exchanges are required to be reflected in the books of records, proclamations to be outfitted to the concerned controllers as additionally to the duty specialists. Since there are no rules for bookkeeping treatment of these exchanges, the bookkeeping methodology with suitable rules should be confined by the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India for consistency. A foundation paper has been set up in such manner and appended to this report which may fill in as a guide in the interregnum. The foundation paper incorporates a couple of outlines for the direction of the money related elements. 8. The job of different controllers (RBI, SEBI, and so forth ) and different offices/substances has likewise been examined. 9. The proposals have been arranged into present moment, medium-term and longterm with positive time period in every class. The significant suggestions on lawful issues (present moment) are fused in Chapter 9. These include: I) Defining securitisation in the Transfer of Property Act to loan consistency of approach and limit the advantages gave by law/guideline for real securitisation exchanges. ii) Rationalization of stamp obligation to make it uniform at 0. 1 percent for all securitisation exchanges. Endeavors might be made to bring the subject under the domain of Indian Stamps Act 1889 from the State Stamp Acts. ii) Reduction of enrollment charges by altering Section 17(2) of the Registration Act. iv) Inclusion of securitised instruments in Securities Contract Regulation Act. v) SEBI may consider expulsion of forbiddance on interest in contract sponsored protections by Mutual Fund Schemes. vi) Tax lack of bias of Special Purpose Vehicle. Suggestions for charge changes additionally inc orporate the spread of forthright salary got by Originator over the residency of the credit securitised, augmentation of advantages under Section 88 of Income Tax Act for reimbursement of lodging advances after the advances have been securitised and so on 10. Different proposals are summed up beneath: I) The most noteworthy effect of securitisation emerges from the situation of various dangers and privileges of a benefit with the most proficient proprietor. The preparation organizations of the money related foundations should endeavor to spread consciousness of the advantages and extent of securitisation progressively among budgetary network. ii) Spell out the hazard loads and NPA standards on securitised paper. Insurance agencies and Provident Funds should be urged to put resources into the securitised paper. Furthermore, appropriate administrative structure may must be developed to empower Foreign Institutional Investors. ii) Listing prerequisites for different protections to be given might be specified which may incorporate least issue size, qualified stock trades and so forth iv) Include the securitised paper in demat exchanging. v) While distinguishing the key attributes of particular Purpose Vehicle (SPV) to keep the structure †Å"remote† from the chapter 11 of the Originator, the Group suggests adaptability in the structure of SPV. SEBI may plan nitty gritty rules in such manner. vi) Accounting treatment should empower the ‘off balance sheet’ impact for securitised resources. Such treatment for future stream securitisation, credit enhancer and so on has been explained. A Research Committee of the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India is now chipping away at minute subtleties of bookkeeping treatment. vii) Adequate exposure standards are suggested for a ‘informed† choice by the speculator. A model Offer report has been endeavored by the Group to give data on portrayal of advantages, recorded execution, end utilization of assets, exchange structure, and explanation of hazard factors. The Group likewise suggests constant divulgences. iii) The report has proposed prudential rules for banks, formative money related organizations, non-banking account organizations, and so forth including expansive creteria for genuine deal. Model prudential rules have been readied which join issues, for example, shaky sheet treatment, credit improvement, overhauling, and so on ix) Medium term measures incorporate expanded progression of data exhaustive credit agencies, standardisation of records, improvement in the nature of advantages, upgradation of PC abilities and investigation of the potential outcomes of securitising non-performing resources.

Fintech Past, present, and future Hult Blog

The world of fintech startups moves at relentless pace. A recent influx of digital financial products may be revolutionizing how we handle our finances; but in doing so, has shone a light on the differences between traditional banking behemoths and these agile young companies. Let us call it a work-in-progress; for as Hult MIB graduate turned fintech entrepreneur Nicolà ² Petrone explains, the collaboration between the incumbents and innovators is the only key to the growth of this sector. Nicolà ², born in Naples, launched a platform to enable such conversations between businesses, building on his international studies and an inspiring meeting in San Francisco. It’s called MEDICI: like the ancient Tuscan family, venture capitalist ante litteram. Nicolà ² was recently selected for the Forbes 30 Under 30 list in Italy. MIB graduate Nicolà ² Petrone recently made Forbes 30 Under 30 in Italy list Below, Nicolà ² speaks on the origins of the company, and the challenges of working in fintech circa 2019. Can you tell us how MEDICI came about? It all started in 2014, when I lived in San Francisco. At a networking event I met Aditya Khurjekar, a veteran of the fintech industry, who had recently founded and led to exit an important event company (Money2020). Over a lunch that lasted hours, Aditya told me about the opportunity to create an international platform, a market network, to enable the fintech ecosystem of startups, financial institutions, investors and regulators to better work together. The ecosystem was growing rapidly, and the financial sector was at the gates of profound change. I liked the idea a lot and the opportunity was tangible. From San Francisco I moved to Charlotte, North Carolina, where I spent about a year dedicated to the design of the platform and the initial go-to-market in the States. After acquiring part of the company, I moved to Europe to start operations in a completely new and completely different market.  At the same time MEDICI also took shape in India, where we were in effect the first mover for an initiative of this kind. Many people ask us why the startup is called MEDICI. The ancient and powerful Florentine family inspired us, being one of the first banking companies and among the first venture capital companies in Italy. In 2015 MEDICI was live with 10000 profiled fintech startups, 50 investors, and more than 30 client banks. Today MEDICI employs more than 50 people in the U.S., Europe, India, and Singapore, and collaborates with around 100 banks worldwide. Explain what  MEDICI does, and why? MEDICI has evolved a lot over the last four years following the evolution of the market in the different countries. We started in 2015 as a deal sourcing platform for investors and banks. Every month we talked to dozens of financial institutions and hundreds of fintech startups. Without having planned it, we were acquiring unique insights on the innovation strategies of the major players in the industry. In 2016 we started to monetize this asset through a business unit entirely dedicated to digital transformation projects. What has changed in fintech over the last five years? The sector has evolved at unexpected speed and we have had the privilege of following that transformation from an international perspective. In a short time we realized that everything that happened in the U.S. arrived in a successive wave in Europe after 12-18 months, and in Asia a further six months later. We’ve seen change in the way in which financial institutions work with startups. The collaboration between incumbents and innovators is the key to the growth of this sector. I try to summarize the four main phases: Banks + fintech: an evolution At the beginning of 2014, banks perceived the need for open innovation to keep up with the rapid innovation coming from the world of startups. The fintech ecosystem was growing fast, and following its developments was a challenging task for the incumbents. An ad hoc function was needed. In 2015 the banks created the first innovation teams and forged partnerships with business accelerators such as Plug and Play, 500 Startups, Y Combinator, and many others. This channel of engagement highlighted emerging players with whom to potentially form partnerships, and helped start the long process of cultural change. In 2016 the situation changed. Many accelerator collaborations were struggling to contribute substantial concrete development to the partnerships with fintechs. The return on investment was limited, and innovation departments started having problems justifying their KPIs. Thus began a new phase of collaboration between banks and fintech. Innovation managers realized that the problem did not lie in the initial phase of the innovation process (scouting activities and engagement of startups) but in their ability to create solid case studies to bring collaborations to a concrete proof of concept. We define this phase as â€Å"sell-in†. Innovation process flow Banks mobilize in different ways to support the sell-in. Some internalize acceleration models, and use them as vehicles to align their business with innovation projects. Others create innovation functions legitimized by the CEO. This favors an alignment from the top and rapid, lean, and scalable management of strategic partnerships with startups. The result of these measures was seen in 2017, when the number of partnerships between banks and fintech increased exponentially. 2017 demonstrated strong collaboration between traditional institutions and emerging fintechs In 2018, these models evolved further. Acquisitions and investments in fintech became the preferred vehicle for most advanced financial institutions. Fintechs continued to prosper in 2018 Do you have resolutions for 2019? What short-term goals has MEDICI set for itself? 2019 will be a year full of news for MEDICI. We will make an important investment in a B2C business line to bring our insights and data to the international fintech ecosystem. We will consolidate our Asian VC fund (launched in 2018), and strengthen our business line dedicated to the creation of corporate accelerators. There will also be important news on the Italian side, but I cant tell you any more for now! Thank you Nicolà ², and all the best! Inspired by Nicolà ²s journey into fintech? At Hult, learning about breaking disruptive technologies and the gamechangers harnessing their potential is built into each and every program. Find out more by downloading a brochure. Hult offers a range of highly skills-focused and employability-driven business school programs including a range of MBA options and a comprehensive one year Masters in International Business. To find out more, take a look at our blog How innovative business models can reshape an industry. Download a brochure or get in touch today to find out how Hult can help you to learn about the business world, the future, and yourself. Hult Rotation offers you a chance to study in a truly global way. Our rotation program allows you to study and be immersed in some of the finest cities in the world. 📠¸: @jasminmanzano . Hult Rotation offers you a chance to study in a truly global way. Our rotation program allows you to study and be immersed in some of the finest cities in the world. 📠¸: @jasminmanzano . Each year, Hult seeks to enroll a talented and ambitious incoming class from all over the world. We look for diverse students with a wide range of experiences, perspectives, and interests—students who will thrive in our unique educational atmosphere. Are you ready for a truly global experience? 📠¸: @iambrunadiniz . Each year, Hult seeks to enroll a talented and ambitious incoming class from all over the world. We look for diverse students with a wide range of experiences, perspectives, and interests—students who will thrive in our unique educational atmosphere. Are you ready for a truly global experience? 📠¸: @iambrunadiniz . We’re excited to start 2020 on a ranking high! Hult is proud to have been placed #28 in Poets Quants 2020 rankings for Best Undergraduate Business Schools in the US. Taking a huge leap of 32 places from our 2019 position, we’re also very happy to have secured top positions in key categories like: life-changing experience, practicality of the degree, and global immersion. . With five global campuses, a student body of over 130 nationalities, and a learn-by-doing approach—Hult offers a student experience like no other. . We’re excited to start 2020 on a ranking high! Hult is proud to have been placed #28 in Poets Quants 2020 rankings for Best Undergraduate Business Schools in the US. Taking a huge leap of 32 places from our 2019 position, we’re also very happy to have secured top positions in key categories like: life-changing experience, practicality of the degree, and global immersion. . With five global campuses, a student body of over 130 nationalities, and a learn-by-doing approach—Hult offers a student experience like no other. . â€Å"I’m from an engineering background and needed a whole new skill set for the industry I wanted to switch to. I learned a lot about myself and how I deal with being out of my comfort zone. I learned both soft and hard skills, from how to work in very diverse teams to key accounting metrics and strategy. I was surprised by how weak I was at certain tasks in English or how strong I actually was in other areas. Hult gave me opportunities to try new things and meet people from places I never thought I would have friends. . My internship experiences gave me the chance to broaden my view of different cultures and different companies. I had the opportunity to work and live with people whose values differed from people in my home country. I thought that this would be difficult, but it gave me the chance to reflect on my own values and assess if they were a result of my home country environment or if they were intrinsically mine. . Diederick ter Kulve (@diederick.terkulve) Netherlands Masters in International Business . â€Å"I’m from an engineering background and needed a whole new skill set for the industry I wanted to switch to. I learned a lot about myself and how I deal with being out of my comfort zone. I learned both soft and hard skills, from how to work in very diverse teams to key accounting metrics and strategy. I was surprised by how weak I was at certain tasks in English or how strong I actually was in other areas. Hult gave me opportunities to try new things and meet people from places I never thought I would have friends. . My internship experiences gave me the chance to broaden my view of different cultures and different companies. I had the opportunity to work and live with people whose values differed from people in my home country. I thought that this would be difficult, but it gave me the chance to reflect on my own values and assess if they were a result of my home country environment or if they were intrinsically mine. . Diederick ter Kulve (@diederick.terkulve) Netherlands Masters in International Business . Say a big hello to our Bachelor of Business Administration program cover star, Elisa Orus Plana âÅ" ¨ . â€Å"I’m excited for the future—especially that I cant predict whats going to happen. Maybe Ill end up in Mexico working for a trading company or maybe in Africa, developing my own business. Everything is possible, and the options are constantly changing. I love the idea that Im never going to be stuck doing the same job until the end of my life if I dont want it to be like this. . Hult really supports me and my ambitions and truly believes that we deserve to be considered as professionals as well as students. Here, I get to express not just my opinions but all elements of myself. From my creative side with the Fashion Society to my finance and business sides in Trading Club and the Management Consulting Club. We get a different type of learning here. Not just essential knowledge and theory, but practical skills and mindset. The school is always evolving. We’re encouraged to innovate and to always look for new ways of doing traditional things. We learn how to be more confident and become aware of how we can impact our environment. The school aims to help you become a better version of yourself and to stand out from the crowd.â€Å" . Elisa Orus Plana French Bachelor of Business Administration Class of 2021 Say a big hello to our Bachelor of Business Administration program cover star, Elisa Orus Plana âÅ" ¨ . â€Å"I’m excited for the future—especially that I cant predict whats going to happen. Maybe Ill end up in Mexico working for a trading company or maybe in Africa, developing my own business. Everything is possible, and the options are constantly changing. I love the idea that Im never going to be stuck doing the same job until the end of my life if I dont want it to be like this. . Hult really supports me and my ambitions and truly believes that we deserve to be considered as professionals as well as students. Here, I get to express not just my opinions but all elements of myself. From my creative side with the Fashion Society to my finance and business sides in Trading Club and the Management Consulting Club. We get a different type of learning here. Not just essential knowledge and theory, but practical skills and mindset. The school is always evolving. We’re encouraged to innovate and to always look for new ways of doing traditional things. We learn how to be more confident and become aware of how we can impact our environment. The school aims to help you become a better version of yourself and to stand out from the crowd.â€Å" . Elisa Orus Plana French Bachelor of Business Administration Class of 2021"> During the final days of 2019, you probably reflected on what you’ve accomplished this year—and even this decade—and what you’d like to achieve in 2020. Let us know in the comments below. During the final days of 2019, you probably reflected on what you’ve accomplished this year—and even this decade—and what you’d like to achieve in 2020. Let us know in the comments below. â€Å"The first time we did group work on the program, I went head-to-head with a colleague. It taught me a lot about how I see people, how people see me, and how conflict can be resolved in a kind and productive way. The best feedback you get, when delivered constructively, is the most critical because it really feeds into how you lead. I’ve completely reversed my leadership style—the result is so much richer and more powerful when you lead from behind and lead with strength. . Studying in tandem with working, whilst challenging, gave me the perfect platform to directly apply learning concepts into my business environment, the competitive landscape, and the real-estate industry as a whole. When I started the program, I was very happy in my corporate role. But my courage and aspirations grew to the point that I took on a whole new direction. Having my career coach, Joanna, as a sounding board allowed me to really be strategic and get to know myself. She coached me thro ugh all the interviews, the research, and the questions. It went in parallel with what I was doing academically and after six months everything just clicked. . I went into the EMBA knowing I had nothing to lose and I’ve come out with everything. Great strength, global friends, amazing learning, mentors from professors, a job I love, and the knowledge that I can set my mind to achieve anything and with the right support and resources I’ll get there.† . Kashani Wijetunga British, New Zealand Sri Lankan Associate Director Senior Strategy Consultant CBRE EMBA Class of 2019 . â€Å"The first time we did group work on the program, I went head-to-head with a colleague. It taught me a lot about how I see people, how people see me, and how conflict can be resolved in a kind and productive way. The best feedback you get, when delivered constructively, is the most critical because it really feeds into how you lead. I’ve completely reversed my leadership style—the result is so much richer and more powerful when you lead from behind and lead with strength. . Studying in tandem with working, whilst challenging, gave me the perfect platform to directly apply learning concepts into my business environment, the competitive landscape, and the real-estate industry as a whole. When I started the program, I was very happy in my corporate role. But my courage and aspirations grew to the point that I took on a whole new direction. Having my career coach, Joanna, as a sounding board allowed me to really be strategic and get to know myself. She coached me thro ugh all the interviews, the research, and the questions. It went in parallel with what I was doing academically and after six months everything just clicked. . I went into the EMBA knowing I had nothing to lose and I’ve come out with everything. Great strength, global friends, amazing learning, mentors from professors, a job I love, and the knowledge that I can set my mind to achieve anything and with the right support and resources I’ll get there.† . Kashani Wijetunga British, New Zealand Sri Lankan Associate Director Senior Strategy Consultant CBRE EMBA Class of 2019 . â€Å"It was now or never. I knew that I’d have likely stayed in my neighborhood for years to come if I didn’t take this opportunity. I’d not lived or studied outside of the U.S. before. So I left my job as a global strategist at an advertising agency and moved halfway around the world. I’ve come back a more culturally aware, well-versed person. I’ve realized that everything is a learning experience and an opportunity for growth. Ill definitely carry this mindset with me into the future. Technology and social media allow us to be different people in several places at once. Im excited to see how I can establish myself in whatever city Ill be lucky enough to call home and still maintain deep connections with people all over the world. I’m inspired by my classmates every day. Hearing some of their life stories and how getting this degree fits into their greater mission has been very humbling. My biggest challenge has been finding the ‘right’ path for me. There have been rooms Ive felt like I shouldnt be in, but now Im proud to feel as though I truly belong, wherever I am.† . Dwayne Logan, Jnr. American MBA Class of 2019 . â€Å"It was now or never. I knew that I’d have likely stayed in my neighborhood for years to come if I didn’t take this opportunity. I’d not lived or studied outside of the U.S. before. So I left my job as a global strategist at an advertising agency and moved halfway around the world. I’ve come back a more culturally aware, well-versed person. I’ve realized that everything is a learning experience and an opportunity for growth. Ill definitely carry this mindset with me into the future. Technology and social media allow us to be different people in several places at once. Im excited to see how I can establish myself in whatever city Ill be lucky enough to call home and still maintain deep connections with people all over the world. I’m inspired by my classmates every day. Hearing some of their life stories and how getting this degree fits into their greater mission has been very humbling. My biggest challenge has been finding the ‘right’ path for me. There have been rooms Ive felt like I shouldnt be in, but now Im proud to feel as though I truly belong, wherever I am.† . Dwayne Logan, Jnr. American MBA Class of 2019 . Happy New Year, Hultians! . Happy New Year, Hultians! .

Business Communication - 4956 Words

Overview Business communication (or simply communications, in a business context) encompasses such topics as marketing, brand management, customer relations, consumer behavior, advertising, public relations, corporate communication, community engagement, reputation management, interpersonal communication, employee engagement, and event management. It is closely related to the fields of professional communication and technical communication. According to Excellence in Business Communication Tenth edition by Thill/Bovee Clear communication is critical to your career. In order to move up the executive ladder you most have excellent communication skills. Top corporate executives spend most of their time communicating. Effective†¦show more content†¦Businesses and the population of today’s society use technology extensively. According to John V. Thill and Courtland L. Bovee, â€Å"To communicate effectively, learn to keep technology tools productively, guard against information ov erload and information addiction, use technological tools productively, and disengage from the computer frequently to communicate in person†. - Technology is only growing; and the more it advances, the more ways we can advance in business. And one way of doing this would be by Virtual Meetings. These meetings help to connect people around the country or even around the world. Also helps to reduce costs and resource usage. Video-Conferencing is a big way that people are communicating through businesses. Video-conferencing helps to let business participants see and hear each other, as well as being able to demonstrate or transmit products and information. Telepresence is another big way of communication within businesses. It helps by being able to connect and negotiate through virtual white-boards connected to others around the world. Another form of technology used is Online-Brainstorming. In which a company conducts â€Å"idea campaigns† to generate new ideas from people across the organization. These technologies are helping to conduct business meetings, in a more productive manner.[1] With all the new technology at our fingertip, provide us with Advantages of working in teams,Show MoreRelatedBusiness Communications2007 Words   |  9 Pages | |BTEC National Business |Unit 4 Business Communications. | |Learner name | Assessor name | Department | | |All Business Enterprise team |Y- CSI Read MoreBusiness Analysis : Business Communication Essay1539 Words   |  7 PagesBusiness communication Task 1 Types Business example Purpose Source Verbal- A spoken method of communication usually face to face e.g. a meeting with staff. Tesco staff meeting to organise a fundraiser for a nearby charity raising money for Cancer research. The purpose of this would be to invite support for activities e.g. Bag packing campaign or family fun day. Internal: Administration/marketing departments discuss how they will raise money for the charity. External: Local council. Tesco asksRead MoreBusiness Communication8242 Words   |  33 PagesIIBM INSTITUTE OF BUSINESS MANAGEMENT Answer Sheet Business Communication Rahul Sancheti 14/07/2015 The Detailed study Of The Business Communication has Been Submitted To The IIBM Institute Of Business Management â€Æ' Answer Sheet Business Communication Section A: Objective Type Short Questions Part one: Multiple choice: 1. __________is an essential function of Business Organizations: a. Information b. Communication c. Power d. None of the above Ans:B 2. PhysiologicalRead MoreImportance of Business Communication1271 Words   |  6 PagesImportance of Business Communication In business, reputation and credibility need to be built up in order to get clients’ trust and confidence. Having a sense of professionalism will bring a lot to the business, especially in a long term relationship with employees and clients. There is a need to make sure that every business deal is attended to promptly. Business communication encompasses not only communicating with external contacts but also with employees within the organization. This willRead MoreBusiness Communications Essay1516 Words   |  7 PagesTHE IMPORTANCE OF WRITING SKILLS IN BUSINESS COMMUNICATIONS: HOW AND WHY TO IMPROVE EMPLOYEES WRITING Abstract This essay describes how poorly written communication can lead to misunderstanding and a possible loss of business. Through this paper the author wants to persuade the employer to sponsor a workshop for all employees to improve their writing skills, to increase business communications and to avoid arguments through poor communication. This paper demonstrates the effectiveness ofRead MoreRole of Communication in Business1086 Words   |  5 PagesUnderstanding the communication process in managerial position is very important. It guides the communicator in conveying the right message to the right recipient. The mode of communication determines the content of information channelled, and where the managers feel that the information is urgent; they will opt for the right means of communicating. According to the case study in consideration, effective communication leads to positive outcomes from the employees work. It boosts the loyalty displayedRead MoreThe Barriers Of Business Communica tion1268 Words   |  6 PagesBefore I will discuss how to overcome the barriers in business communication I will introduce the different barriers in global business communication; 1) Physical barriers these are inadequate equipment such as out dated computer, phones with poor signal, background noise, poor lightning, temperature that is too high or too cold, tangible item that can interfere with communication. 2) Attitudes sometimes strong emotion like anger, sadness or happiness can take your objectivity. Also being nervousRead MoreEffective Business Communication4674 Words   |  19 PagesResearch Study on Effective Business Communication At American Express Financial Centre TABLE OF TABLE Table 1: Recruitment Methods 13 Table 2: Forms of written communication 15 Table 3: Formal Meetings 15 Table 4: External Communications 16 Table 5: Informal channels of communication 21 TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENT 4 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 5 INTRODUCTION TO BUSINESS COMMUNICATION 6 LITERATURE REVIEW 6 PROBLEM OF STUDY 7 OBJECTIVE OF STUDY 7 KEY TERMS 8 BRIEF OUTLINERead MoreBusiness Communication M11862 Words   |  8 PagesM1 Business Communication INTRODUCTION In P1 I talked about types of communications used by Asda and these are Verbal, written, on- screen. In this task I am going to show you the advantages and disadvantages of each type of communication referring it to my chosen company and that is Asda. ADVANTAGES OF VERBAL/ORAL Oral communication or speech is often the preferred medium to exchange information in in informal situations since it provides a number of immediate benefits when attempting to pitchRead MoreCommunication Is The Most Effective Form Of Business Communication949 Words   |  4 Pagesenvironment communication is major factor. There are two forms of communication: oral communication and written communication. Oral Communication is the process of verbally transmitting to give and exchange information to another person (or people). Oral communication can be formal or informal. Formal types of oral communication are business lectures, presentations at business meetings, commencement speeches. Informal types of oral communication are discussions that take place in a business meeting,

Humorous Wedding Roast by a Friend of the Groom Essays

Humorous Wedding Speech by a Friend of the Groom Good evening Ladies and Gentlemen - I must admit to being rather nervous about todays speech. As it’s a family occasion, the last thing I want to do is cause offence by talking in too much detail about Brian’s colorful past. I’ve therefore decided to edit out anything that might cause offence. So thank you very much and have a wonderful evening! Sit down. Laughter. Stand up and continue. I read somewhere that you can flesh out your speech by researching which famous people were born the same day as the groom (bridegroom), and make some sort of link. Well, Brian was born on 9th January 1976, just 24 hours after a whole host of famous and interesting people - musical luminaries†¦show more content†¦Irene, on the other hand, shares the same birth-date with a couple of very famous individuals who, as a pair, succinctly summarize the two voices that live inside her head. The first, representing the caring, thoughtful, and sensitive Irene, is none other than Martin Luther King. The second is Edward Teller, the father of the Hydrogen bomb. I also discovered that’s it’s customary for a best mans speech to contain a history lesson involving some major event that took place on the day of the wedding. Well, the only two memorable things I can find that happened on this day - 11th March - were that the first mobile phone was patented in 1979, and the Rolling Stones were fined  £5 for urinating against a wall in 1966. I couldnt for the life of me find a link between Brian Wilson and mobile phones. The Rolling Stones, urinating and walls – that was more straightforward. Although not a major event or a memorable event, I did find it amusing that also on this day, back in 1976, the first ever team from the then Beaser Homes League qualified for the 5th round of the FA cup. And here we are again, 27 years later, another no-hoper having done astonishingly well. Id like you all to join me now in wishing Brian and Irene the very best for their future journey together. And I hope, when they look back years from now on this, their weddingShow MoreRelated Humorous Wedding Roast by a Friend of the Groom Essay571 Words   |  3 PagesHumorous Wedding Roast by a Friend of the Groom Good evening Ladies and Gentlemen – Id like to start by saying that what a genuine honor it is to be part of Normans wedding. I appreciate that I am just one of many equally suitable close friends that he could well have chosen. But I know he looks upon me as the older brother he never had, and I look on him as the younger brother I never wanted. So here I stand with this great opportunity to reveal to all, Norman’s past misdemeanors. So

Marketing Policies to Market Wide †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Marketing Policies to Market Wide. Answer: Introduction Grevillea Ridge is one of the family run wineries in Victoria. This winery is run by two persons, Michelle and Marcus Albertino. They own a cellar door which used to be kept open by them throughout the week. After analysing the number of customers on every single day of a week, they decided to keep the cellar door open only on weekends since at the weekends number of customers are high. Therefore they decided to utilise rest of the days in the week in cultivation of grapes at the same time in focusing in marketing policies to increase the customer base. In order to enhance the market Management they have employed two persons. Both the owner of the cellar door has also adopted different marketing strategies to capture more market. In the present business report the sales report of the period ranging from January to march has been analysed to identify the effectiveness of the marketing strategy. Analysis of the Sales Report The owners of the cellar door have adopted two different strategies in order to improve the sales enhance the customer base. Sales report consists of sales data of three months, January, February March. The main objective of this business report is to identify the positive impact of different marketing strategies on the market expansion. In the month of January the Grevillea Ridge had not adopted any strategy to expand the market out of Victoria, but in the month of February March two different strategies had been adopted. In the month of February it was decided to provide 15% discount to retail customers in the month of March free delivery was ascertained to customers. It has been seen from the sales report that the sales have varied from one month to other significantly. In the sales report data has been provided regarding the number of cases of sales on each every day of month. It has been shown that in the month of January, no discount rate has been provided at the same time delivery charge was applicable on different states outside Victoria. Within Victoria there was no delivery charge in the month of January. In the month of February the scheme of providing discount of 15% to all retailers has been initiated. In the next month, i.e. on March the scheme of free delivery charge has been introduced in the marketing policy. The data also reveals that the delivery charge was free within Victoria, but outside Victoria the delivery charge was applicable. Hence, to increase the number of customers, delivery charge was made free. It is also to be noted that the discount was only applicable to wine retailers Management. On the basis of the data provided the graph has been drawn to identify the impact of the marketing strategies. The main objective is to f ind out whether after providing discount or making the delivery charge free, the sales has increased or not at the same time to identify if the market has been expanded outside the Victoria. Result of the Data Analysis Form the above data analysis sales data of three months have been calculated presented in the graphical form. At first, it has to be identified that whether the sales has increased or not then the success of the company in expanding the market. It is clear that out of these three months taken into consideration for the research the sales value is lowest in January the highest number of sales has been met in the month of March. In the month of January no marketing strategy had been adopted, but in the other two months two different strategies have been adopted by the firm. Analysing these data it is possible to say that the strategy of free delivery charge was more successful in comparison to the discount rate. But one thing can be easily mentioned that both these strategies have been successful in achieving the objective of increasing the sales. Similarly, it is also very clear that after the introduction of these marketing policies the market has been expanded outside the market of Victoria. Number of customers outside the Victoria has increased significantly. Conclusion From the above discussion it can be concluded that the marketing policies are very effective in order to expand the market at the same time in increasing the customer base. Form the point of view of the Grevillea Ridge firm it was necessary to provide importance on the marketing policies to make the market wide the same time to increase sales. Out of the two marketing strategies adopted by the firm the free delivery charge has been able to expand the market. Hence, it can be concluded that the mixing of two different strategies can make the business Management more profitable. The discount rate strategy has been able to increase the sales by only 53 cases. On the other hand the free delivery charge has increased the sales by 295 cases. Recommendation Since the free delivery charge strategy is more successful in comparison to the discount rate strategy. Hence, the mix strategy may be suitable for the firm To promote any newly launched wine product, the firm can provide the sample free of cost with the highly demandable wine products.

The Moviegoer By Walker Percy Essays - Kingdom Hearts Characters

The Moviegoer by Walker Percy In Walker Percy's story The Moviegoer, Binx Bolling, a Stockbroker on the verge of turning thirty is on a quest. Set in 1960 New Orleans during Mardi Gras Binx, an upper class southern gentleman sets out to find out about himself. Answer questions that have tugged at his soul. Questions about despair, everydayness, religion and romance. Binx is stuck in a quagmire. He must break out from this cloak of ennui and find the essence of being. But how? How can people, a person with a soul and a world at their fingertips be so inept at finding what makes them alive. Can it be found in religion or on the arm of a southern beauty? Maybe it can be found in the surrealism of a movie, or the excitement of making money. What if an answer is found? Will it frighten a person back to their everydayness? Some of these question are sound, others may be just thoughts in the authors mind, but they are questions that Binx must find out about. The following will talk about the idea of despair & everydayness and if others think about searching the way Binx Bol ling does. Binx is deathly afraid of being pulled into everydayness. That is to say that he does not want to fall into the trap of a daily, weekly of life long rut. He does not want to settle for just living just an existence. He wants to be noticed, to have the ability of excitement on a daily routine. To work hard and start a family and fight for what he thinks is a grand life. Only to realize years later that such a routine was established you never left from where you started. To Binx that is death. Not physically dead, but soulfully dead. But what is so wrong with everydayness. One could argue that everydayness could be a positive influence. Millions of people for hundreds of years have lived a life of everydayness. Has society stopped? Have people withered into tiny robots fueled by repetition? People need repetition to keep them going. Everydayness gets us up in the morning. It puts us in the game of life. It causes others to rely on one another. If you are to change a habit, chaos can f ollow. The man who changes his routine of being husband and father can cause such damage to his family and others that it's almost unthinkable. Maybe these people are the ones on to something. And the people rooting about trying to avoid everydayness are the ones that are lost. They are the ones stuck in everydayness, stuck in despair. Binx tries with all his might to avoid the pit falls of everydayness and despair. He finds comfort on the arm of various women and in the movies that he frequents. Maybe he is on to something here. If you change the company you are with on a regular basis, you can avoid the everydayness that has taken the life of others around him. Different smiles that are all the same, backsides that melt together: Marcia, Linda and now Sharon. Talk about repetition. That's a living hell and then to justify it all through a movie. To believe that a celluloid hero can mimic real life is just unreal. Happiness can be written into the script. Everydayness is an overlooked flash in the background. The director yells cut if things go amiss. Ideals can be manipulated to fit the screen. Binx puts more effort into avoiding everydayness than it takes to live with it He is avoiding something that so many of us long to have. Is Binx that far into his own despair that he is missing the whole idea of finding ev erydayness? Many people search for that perfect person just to spend a lifetime of everydayness with. Binx lives through the movies he sees. He finds a realness there, a realness that is lacking in real life. He talks about certification. With that he feels that the places where we live and visit are not real unless those locations are depicted in the movies. It's not just movies where he finds this certification. For example when

Symbolism in Catcher in the Rye

Symbolism in Catcher in the Rye Symbolism.The title of the book is a symbol in its self. The song by Rober Burns, "Comin' Thro' the Rye" actually is about seeing if it is wrong for two people to have a romantic encounter in a field of rye, away from the public eye. In Chapter 16, when Holden sees the little boy walking in the street and singing that song, Holden mistakes the line " if a body -meet- a body, coming through the rye" for 'if a body -catch- a body coming through the rye." Really, the two words -catch- and -meet- have a totally opposite meaning. When Phoebe asks Holden in Chapter 22 What he wants to do, he says that he wants to be a 'catcher in the rye', that he wants to catch the children before they fall off the cliff. Holden wants to protect the children. He wants to catch the children before they fall out of innocence into knowledge of the real world, including knowledge of sex.Historical HoldenHolden's Red Hunting Hat is one of the most recognizable symbols in the book. You just can't picture Holden without it, really. It is a symbol of uniqueness and individuality. It shows that Holden wants to stand out, and be different from everyone around him. Whenever he wears the hat though, he is always sure to tell that he when he was wearing it and how he was wearing it. He doesn't usually wear the hat around people he knows. The hat shows that Holden's need for isolation compared to his need for companionship. The hats color "red" is the same color of Allie and Phoebe's hair. Maybe Holden associates it with the innocence he believes that his brother and sister had, or have.The Museum of Natural History is the...

American Women in World War II

At the beginning of the Second World War, American citizens had a sense of unity. Men choose to enter the forefront off work and family, but women leave home for the first time and inherit the work left by their husbands. In 1943, many magazines chose to draw women's diligence. These articles concentrate their story on working women and make their non-traditional work better. If they make these small and hardworking jobs exciting and noble, they may think that more women will start participating in the work. Prior to World War II, Hispanic women were reluctant to work at home and were more irritated than other American women. During World War II, the widespread change in the role of women as a result of the necessity of family labor affected the role of Spanish women who served as secretary and nurse, Isabel Solis-Thomas and Elvia Solis was born in Veracruz, Veracruz, Mexico. The Solis family moved to the United States and moved to Brownsville, Texas. When World War II broke out, the two sisters voluntarily became roses from women of all races across the country, welded the pipes, and repaired the cargo ship. Mrs. Thomas Solis said recruiters wanted to climb a dangerous place on the ship to short skin, short skin women. She stated that he worked 9 hours a day, 6 days a week, beating and sealing the steel bar accurately and intentionally. An American woman of Asian Americans entered the military service for the first time during the Second World War. The Women Army (WAC) recruited fifty Japanese American women and Chinese American women, sent them to the military information service language school in Snellingburg, Minnesota, and received military translation training. In 1943, the Women Army recruited a Chinese-American woman to serve as aerial WAC. Air Force WAC provides various tasks such as interpretation of aerial photography, air traffic control, weather forecast.

GPS Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

GPS - Term Paper Example The technology is owned by the United States that offers users through navigation, positioning as well as timing services. This system is composed of three segments that are control segment, the space segment and the user segment. The United Sates Air Force maintains, develops as well as operates the space and control segments (Bajaj, Ranaweera, & Agrawal, 2002). This paper presents a detailed overview of global positioning system. This paper will outline the history, advantages and disadvantages of the global positioning system. Initially GPS system was designated the navigation system with timing and ranging (or NAVSTAR) global positioning system. Additionally, US Department of defense initiated this project to offer round-the-clock and all-weather navigation abilities intended for sea, military ground as well as air forces. In addition, with the development of global positioning system it has become an integral asset in several civilian applications as well as industries around the world, comprising recreational utilization (for example aircraft, boating, hiking), business vehicle fleet tracking, as well as surveying. However, the general development of global positioning system was initiated by LORAN and the Decca Navigator developed ultimately in 1940s, as well as employed throughout World War II. Additionally, to attain precision requirements, GPS employs rules and regulations of general relativity to make right the satellites atomic clocks. In addition, by seeing these parallel developments in the GPS technology, in 1960s it was recognized that a superior system could be developed by producing the most excellent technologies from 621B, Timation, Transit and SECOR in a multi-service program. Thus, a meeting of approximately 12 military officers held at the Pentagon in 1973. In which they decided to create a DNSS (defense navigation satellite system). Thus, after one year of that meeting the DNSS

COMPANY LAW 402 ASSIGNMENT Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

COMPANY LAW 402 - Assignment Example We instituted legal research into this matter with a view of determining the suitability and legality of starting a Picture Framing business in Australia. We believe this goes towards the very crux of your matter. Further, we would like to state that our services can only be of a legal nature on this matter. It is your duty to seek out qualified professionals who will assess the proposed business venture while looking at its location and profitability in order to determine whether it will be a going concern. Due Diligence It would be remise of our duty as consultants if we did not advice you that it is your duty look into the financial and commercial aspects of this business venture. This is because a business wherever it is instituted needs to have a strong financial basis that will see its survival and development. This should be done so as to avoid a situation where you have overlooked the financial aspects of this venture. That would be catastrophic. You should undertake this res earch through professional help. Ownership Before starting on any business, you need to determine whether or not the company structure is right for the particular company, decide what name the company is to assume, its mode of operation, the legal obligations that are assumed by the company, getting the requisite consents and finally registering the company (Commission). As discussed with you a summary of the proposed corporate structure has been prepared. It should be reviewed carefully and approved by your accountant. Australian Law provides for the structuring of any business in four ways. 1. Sole trader: an individual trading on their own 2. Partnership: an association of people or entities carrying on a business together, but not as a company 3. Trust: an entity that holds property or income for the benefit of others 4. Company: a legal entity separate from its shareholders. Sole Trader Looking at the business of a sole trader, one realizes that the same is entered into by one owner. This owner gets the benefit of directly transacting with his clientele thereby creating a trust as between the business and the clientele. The tax obligations related to this business are subject to the personal rates of the business (Government). The only major disadvantage of this enterprise is that the owner is personally liable for the business liabilities of the company. This opens up the owner to lawsuits that are consequent from the company as the company is not a separate legal entity. A sole trader cannot also share the burden of management and costs with any other person (Lawyers). In relation to the Picture Framing business, you both want to be co-owners of the enterprise. This in effect renders this business structure nugatory as far as your proposed enterprise is concerned. Trust The other business enterprise that is provided for in Australia is in the nature of a Trust. A Trust is defined to be a business where the trustee conducts business for the benefit of ce rtain beneficiaries. This in effect means that at all times the trustee can only conduct business that is in the interest of the beneficiaries. The advantages of Trusts are that it minimizes the tax that is levied on the business as the income from the business can be directed at the beneficiary with the lowest income thereby

The Power of Hardys Tess of the dUrbervilles Essay -- Tess of the d

The Power of Tess of the d'Urbervilles      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   "If an offence come out of the truth, better it is that the offence come than the truth be concealed." Thomas Hardy added these words in the introduction to the fifth edition of this novel (Hardy v). He provided this quote from St. Jerome somewhat defensively, in response to the criticism he received for Tess prior to this edition.    Originally printed in serial form in two magazines, this novel underwent bowdlerization in order to be published. As a requirement of the publisher, Hardy changed scenes such as the baby's baptism, Tess's rape, and Alec's murder. The process of changing the novel angered Hardy, but his financial need of publishing the novel outweighed his negative feelings about doing so. This novel finally became published in its entirety in 1891. This novel caused such a controversy that Donald Hall called this novel "a cause" (417). Considered a radical writer, Hardy included the lower social classes and the plight of women, and he wrote about them in a provoking and defiant manner. Scientists, such as Charles Darwin, and social thinkers, such as John Stuart Mill, affected his thoughts and writings. Writers rarely wrote about these subjects in such a way during Victorian times.    The Victorian times and attitudes victimize Tess, despite the fact that she possesses high morals and standards. The aim of this paper is to show how Hardy illustrates this in many ways. Her family, social, and economic background provide the reader with a perspective of living as a poor woman during the Victorian Era. Another avenue Hardy uses to show the unfairness of life for a poor woman during these times is two men who victimize Tess, Angel Clare and Alec d'Urberv... ... You do Talk!': Some Features of Hardy's Dialogue." New Perspectives on Thomas Hardy. Ed. Charles P. C. Pettit. New York: St. Martin's, 1994. 117-36. Claridge, Laura. "Tess: A Less Than Pure Woman Ambivalently Presented." Texas Studies in Literature and Language 28 (1986): 324-38. Hall, Donald. Afterward. Tess of the d'Urbervilles. By Thomas Hardy. New York: Signet, 1980. 417-27. Hardy, Thomas. Tess of the d'Urbervilles. 1891. New York: Signet Classic, 1980. McMurtry, Jo. Victorian Life and Victorian Fiction. Hamden: Shoe String, 1979. Mickelson, Anne Z. Thomas Hardy's Women and Men: The Defeat of Nature. Metuchen: Scarecrow, 1976. Stubbs, Patricia. Women and Fiction. Sussex: Harvester, 1979. Walvin, James. Victorian Values. Athens: UGA Press, 1987. Weissman, Judith. Half Savage and Hardy and Free. Middletown: Wesleyan UP, 1987.   

Explaining Crime

Causes of crime are arguably criminology’s most important and largest research topic. In this process of research, criminologists and academics have used numerous theories in attempts to explain how and why people resort to crime (Ellis, Beaver, Wright, 2009). The purpose of this paper is to examine a case study first with the use of strain theories (ST), followed by social learning theory (SLT). The first section will involve a summary of the case of R v Mark Andrew HUGHES (2009) NSWDC 404 involving an outline of the offender’s personal life, of his crimes, and his punishment handed down by the New South Wales District Court. It is important to outline these facts in order to refer to them and appropriately analyse them. The following section will use strain theories to analyse factors and causes that lead the offender to commit his crimes. Anomie and strain theory will be used here with respect to Merton’s concept of â€Å"retreatism† (Merton, in Alder, Laufer, 1995), as well as Agnew’s general strain theory (GST) as it accounts for individual and emotional strain derived from negative relationships (Agnew, 1992). These will be the primary theories used for analysis in this paper as they are most relevant. The final section will involve the application of SLT. Drawing from the case of R v Mark Andrew HUGHES (2009) NSWDC 404, the offender is a forty seven year old man named Mark Andrew Hughes and will be referred to as Mr Hughes for the duration of this paper. Mr Hughes childhood involved a significant degree of negative stimuli. For example, Mr Hughes experienced rejection through the failed relationship of his mother and father at a very young age, resulting in the complete absence of his biological father. Mr Hughes was then subjected to his mother’s new marriage and relationship with a man who was to become his stepfather. This relationship became volatile and involved alcohol abuse and violence, resulting also in separation and divorce. In addition, Mr Hughes was subjected to his mother’s battled with some mental health issues, and problems with the abuse of prescription medicine. Mr Hughes adult relationships somewhat reflect his mothers. He married two times of which both resulted in divorce. Importantly, the first marriage was in 1991 and created three children, of which one tragically died at seven months of age. He is currently is having virtually no contact with the other two who are now teenagers. Mr Hughes notes his second marriage (1996-2005) was extremely important to him, however collapsed due to his relationship with drugs. This marriage created two children whom he has contact with every Sunday, however his current circumstances (in custody) means this is via telephone. Apart from the minimal contact Mr Hughes has with his two sons, he has been cut off from his family. It is also acknowledged that Mr Hughes had been seeing a counsellor however stopped just prior to his crimes due to the effects of his drug addiction at the time. Drugs have been a big part of Mr Hughes life from a young age. He began using cannabis at age twelve, and his first experience with heroin was age fifteen, which resulted in addictions and long periods of residential treatment. It has been reported that in times of personal upheaval, Mr Hughes is incapable of controlling his desire to resort to drugs (substance abuse) in order to escape. In fact, in recent years Mr Hughes drug addiction has involved speed and ice to such an extent that he needed to remain high (drug-affected) in order to avoid the pain of â€Å"coming down†, which was a daily habit that cost over $400 a day. It could be said that as a result of Mr Hughes early life experiences, gaining an education was a struggle, and has been limited. For instance he finished his schooling half way through secondary education, resulting in several unskilled jobs however, shortly prior to a breakdown in his second marriage, and his criminal conduct, he held a job in a recycling factory for almost fourteen years. It should be noted that the court points out the findings from a well-known clinical forensic psychologist called W John Taylor, who states that based on Mr Hughes history, he felt he had a conduct disorder in his early teenage years, confirms he is clearly battling with drug abuse disorders, and is currently suffering with depression. However he feels that Mr Hughes is genuine in his desire to overcome his addiction with drugs, and with the right support, he has a chance at reforming his behaviour and addictions. This brings us to the second issue to be outlined, that is Mr Hughes crimes. Aside from a charge of break and enter as a child, another charge regarding sexual relations with a juvenile when he himself was a juvenile, and at the age of twenty-two, convictions for false pretences, theft and drug use, Mr Hughes has managed to remain crime free regardless of his drug addictions. Also, until the most recent crimes, Mr Hughes has never served a prison term. Thus in view of these facts, the court regards this as an insignificant criminal record considering Mr Hughes current age. During the months of September to the end of November 2008 Mr Hughes resurfaces with six serious criminal offences, mostly involving break enter and steal of which was from a business, a warehouse, a workshop and two homes. Two of these offences involved criminal acts that incurred separate charges, which were stealing a car from one of the homes he entered, and also damaging property. Importantly one of the six offences was an aggravated break enter and steal from a home as one of the owners (husband) came home and surprised Mr Hughes while he was inside stealing. Mr Hughes responded with aggressive behaviour threatening him with what has been described as wire cutter, eventually forcing the man on a bed and telling him to stay there and he would not harm him. The man warned Mr Hughes that his wife was due home and hoped this would scare Mr Hughes off, however it resulted in Mr Hughes tying up the victim’s hands, and gagging his mouth for a short period of time while he continued to steal and ransack the home. It was mentioned that Mr Hughes did not cause any physical harm, however the crime is regarded as very serious. Finally, the court came to the overall sentence for his crimes of eight years and five months, with a non-parole period of five years and five months. The sentencing process considers a range of factors which will be discussed later. Agnew’s (1992) GST proposes that crime is committed as a result of pressure or strain that is derived from negative relationships and subsequent life experiences or events through those relationships. These relationships include three types of strain that involve situations where a person has taken away something valuable from another, ruined another’s opportunities to achieve a valued goal/s, or the infliction of offensive and unwanted stimuli (Bernard, Snipes, Gerould, 2010). The consequences of being subjected to strains of this nature, is the generation of various negative emotions within the person like depression, fear, anger, frustration, disappointment, and anxiety. Thus, depending on an individual’s characteristics and environment, these negative emotions can lead them to commit crime (Agnew, 2006). The way in which a person responds to this strain and subsequent negative emotion, is to either accept their current situation with a positive outlook, which usually involves the individual having a good support network; or turning to delinquent behaviour and the use of drugs to avoid negative emotions (Agnew, 2006; Bernard, Snipes, Gerould, 2010). From this we can already begin to see some of the aspects of GST in the case of Mr Hughes. For example, referring back to Mr Hughes personal details, Agnew would argue that because this man’s troubles started as a child through the loss of a relationship with his biological father, the introduction of a new father who presented negative stimuli and was â€Å"imposed/not wanted†, and he was unable to remove himself from this situation or relationship due to his age, he was therefore subjected to the effects of emotional strain. In addition to this, the most significant person in his life (mother) was also presenting negative stimuli by self-medicating and engaging in volatile arguments with the stepfather. According to GST, as a child/adolescent, Mr Hughes would have been suffering with feelings like fear, anger, and disappointment, and so taking drugs was his way to directly cope/manage these emotions and interpersonal problems (Agnew, 2006). The fact that Mr Hughes was very young when he began to take drugs, as well as dropping out of school early, and committing some forms of crime, is evidence of the explained process of Agnew’s concepts in GST, and in fact were primarily used to explain delinquency and drug use in adolescents (Bernard, Snipes, Gerould, 2010, p. 64). Additionally, before Mr Hughes committed these most recent crimes, he has in many ways re-experienced these issues in his adult relationships. For example, the tragic loss of his first born son, the loss of his contact with his daughters and wife from the first marriage, are all examples of something valuable being removed from his life. This then occurred again in the next marriage, which Mr Hughes had stated w as very important to him, and a very big loss. Social Learning theory can also help to explain this repeated experience of Mr Hughes and will be discussed later. There are two other explanations through the use of strain theory that can help to explain why Mr Hughes lived most of his life crime free, in spite of his drug habit, before committing his most recent crimes. Firstly Agnew developed another concept within GST in the form of â€Å"storylines† which operate at a time-based level and can help to draw connections from past events to explain current issues or ‘situation cues’ (see Agnew, 2006b). Using this concept it could be said that Mr Hughes most recent crimes are a result of his desperate need for money to support his sever drug habit that is primarily a result of coping with his emotions that stem back to childhood. The second concept is derived from Merton’s (1968) idea of anomie, where by society’s expectations and emphasis is strongly attached to the idea of always striving to achieve monetary success, which is generally proven through the accumulation of things like houses, cars, private schooling and general wealth. However Merton argues that opportunities to achieve this success are not evenly distributed, and it is usually the lower class citizens that struggle to achieve the final goal (Merton, 1968). Never the less, each individual is expected to continue to try for their own self-respect and value (Merton, in Alder, Laufer, 1995). Merton offers four ways in which people may respond to their ability to achieve wealth, or not, through institutionalized means (see Bernard, Snipes, Gerould, 2010, p157). The most relevant of these responses with regard to Mr Hughes would be ‘retreatism’. Rendering this concept, aside from long term drug use, the fact that Mr Hughes lead most of his adult life up until this point, as a law abiding citizen, and held his job for fourteen years, attempted to have a family on two occasions, and attended counselling in an attempt to rectify his personal issues and better himself, are all signs that he strived to achieve the expected societal goals and aspirations to the best of his ability within his available means. That is with limited education, no acquired skills, and limited social skills. From this, it would be argued that Mr Hughes has come to the realisation that he has once again lost his battle with drugs, and as a result failed another marriage, losing contact with his children a second time, then losing his long term job, finding himself without any family support of any kind, and thus believing, then accepting that he will never actually achieve anything. In his response to his battle to achieve, he has become a classic â€Å"retreatist†, as the strain became too much to bear, thus becoming deeply engrossed in his addiction with ice to such an extent that he had to steel to fund his addiction (Merton, 1968). The underlying societal values and importance of accumulating wealth are heard in the various comments of Judge Cogswell in response to Mr Hughes crimes, and in determining sentencing (see R v Mark Andrew HUGHES [2009] NSWDC 404). One example can be seen in this comment: â€Å"Once again, one can imagine the inconvenience and distress which the theft of computer and mobile phones must have had on the managers of that business†. These comments are not just due to the loss of the physicality of the objects themselves, but also their use in the business, as they would be an important aspect in facilitating the institutional means of achieving further success. Also in Mr Hughes most serious crime, the comments again refer to the victim’s home being used to commit crime. For instance it was stated â€Å"This must have been an extraordinarily terrifying experience for the clergyman, whose home was used to commit this crime by Mr Hughes†. This again clearly shows the importance, respect and value placed on achieved goods. These concepts of anomie and strain theory with regard to good societal goals and values are also considered and noted by the court with regard to Mr Hughes himself. For example a considerable amount of time was taken from Mr Hughes time to be served in prison to acknowledge the good in his values that was observed in the way of his remorse for his crimes, and quick pleas of guilt to all of his charges. It was stated â€Å"this has a significant impact on the administration of justice in this State†. And because he had never served time in prison before this could be regarded as special circumstances that enabled the adjustment of the ratio between the non-parole and parole period. However it was surprising that considering how in line a lot of the court responses were with the concepts found in strain theories, that one method in which could be used to help people like Mr Hughes, and that was recommended by the court appointed psychologist mentioned earlier, was later considered as un-important by Judge Cogswell. Mr Taylor had stated that in order for Mr Hughes to have a chance at rebuilding his life, his lack of social and emotional support must be considered, and believed that his program called â€Å"Ex-Inmate Program† could help with many of his issues. Mr Taylor’s ideas and concerns are in line with methods found in strain theories that would help to reduce the burden of strain (Bournard, Snipes, Gerould, 2010, p169) in the lives of people like Mr Hughes. Social learning Theory (SLT) compliments strain theory but most importantly can help to explain some aspects in this case that strain theory cannot. Firstly it can be argued through SLT that much of Mr Hughes negative behaviour has been learned through observing his mother and stepfather’s abusive relationship, nd his mother’s negative coping strategies as a result of them (Bandura, 1977). Refer back to the life history and crimes of Mr Hughes, the concept of learned behaviour may explain some of the vandalism and aggressive behaviour to the victim in Mr Hughes crimes that strain theories has not. Specifically, the concept of ‘differential associations’ in SLT would suggest that Mr Hughes has gone through an observational process over the course o f his young life that has equipped him with the skills to behave in the way he has (Akers, 1994). That he has been isolated from more pro-social behaviour, and therefore acquired various negative attitudes motives and rationalisations for his actions (Bernard, Snipes, Gerould, 2010). This can also help to explain the similar relationship behaviour and coping strategies that Mr Hughes had to his mother. Furthermore, Burgess and Akers (1966) developed the concept of differential reinforcement, which argue that individuals engage in behaviour in ways that will positively reward them and that they can identify with from observing others. Thus it can also be argued that Mr Hughes engaged in the type of criminal behaviour that he did to reward himself with goods and money that will fund/ reward him again with drugs, which then rewards him by removing not just his emotional pain, but the painful withdrawal symptoms he acknowledged he suffered at the time of these crimes. To combine both SLT and strain theories, Mr Hughes has in a sense experienced twofold the conditions to lead him to crime and negative coping strategies. For example SLT would argues Mr Hughes observed how to manage negative emotions long before he could fully experience or understand his own, through the observation of his mother’s benefits from self-medicating. Thus when he became overwhelmed with strain from his negative life experiences that are explained in the prior section through strain theories, he already had in place the learned methods/behaviour of relieving his emotional strain, which would be explained by Akers (1985) concept of ‘differential associations’. Thus the process of ‘retreating’ discussed previously in ST, became an easier process as he has mimicked or put into action his own interpreted version of coping with the use of drugs. However, unfortunately neither of these theories account for mental health or conduct disorder, both of which Mr Hughes was diagnosed with, and are significantly related to negative home environments, delinquency and substance abuse in adolescent (Linskey, Fergusson, 1995; Hinshaw, Lee, 2003). In conclusion, SLT and ST can help to understand most of the complex issues that lead to the criminal actions of MR Hughes. It is clear that both observing and experiencing negative stimuli has consumed Mr Hughes with various negative emotions that resulted in strain. It is not hard to understand from these theories how and why Mr Hughes became so addicted to drugs and struggled to manage his relationships effectively as a result of these factors. However what is not accounted for in these theories with regard to his behaviour and crimes, are the influences of his diagnosed conduct disorder he had as an adolescent or his current state of depression.

Frederick Thide s Article - 935 Words

Frederick Thide’s article, â€Å"In Search of Limiting Principles: The Eleventh Circuit Invalidates the Individual Mandate in Florida v. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services,† appearing in the Boston College Law Review claims that Congress will be crippled in its â€Å"future efforts to set social welfare policy† (Thide 2012, 370) if the Supreme Court affirms the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit’s holding that â€Å"Congress exceeded its power under the commerce clause and necessary and proper clause by requiring individuals to purchase health insurance as part of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act† (359). In his introduction, Thide (2012) describes the economic conditions of the health insurance market that brought about the need for the Affordable Care Act and presents three main ideas to support his conclusion. As a final point, Thide (2012) warns that rejecting â€Å"the view that Congress is the prima ry arbiter of what is necessary and proper,† (370) under the necessary and proper clause, may â€Å"significantly constrain Congress’s power† (359) to develop and implement â€Å"novel regulatory schemes that include the use of economic mandates† (371). After â€Å"decades of political wrangling over proposals for universal health care† (Thide 2012, 359), Congress passed the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act and President Obama signed it into law on March 23, 2010. Thide (2012) calls the act â€Å"Congress’s solution to a complex market failure† (360).