Epic Hero Analysis (Odyssey) Essay

What does it take to be an epic hero? To be an epic hero you are required to have five specific qualities. These consist of being human-like, being a confident and courageous solider, nobility, and being in a poem containing supernatural beings that has setting is vast in scope. In the poem the Odyssey, the main character fits the criteria. Odysseus is an epic hero. An important trait to being an epic hero is that the character is involved in a poem complicated by supernatural beings. To sail home in book 12, Odysseus has to navigate through the straits between two monsters, Scylla and Charybdis. As he is coming up on Scylla, he describes her: Her legs-And there are twelve- are like great tentacles, unjointed, and upon her serpent necks are borne six heads like nightmares of ferocity, with triple serried rows of fangs and deep gullets of black death. (12. 46-51) These lines prove that the creature Odysseus is facing is not a human being. It shows that Scylla has 12 tentacles, six heads, and three rows of teeth. No human would have any these characteristics. Not only does an epic hero have to be involved in a poem with supernatural characters, but a poem with a setting vast in scope that involves more than one nation. Odysseus tells the Phaeacians the tale of his wanderings in the beginning of book nine: My home is on the peaked sea-mark of Ithica under Mount Neion’s wind-blown robe of leaves, in sight of other islands- Dulichium, same, wooded Zacynthus- Ithica being most lofty in that costal sea, and northwest, while the rest lie east and south. (9. 10-15) Odysseus explains that he is from Ithica. He also explains that there are other nations around him. They are different than Ithica; like being â€Å"wooded† or â€Å"lofty.† This proves that he is part of a setting that includes a setting vast in scope. Another important trait is that the character has to be of noble birth, high position, and legendary. Many people rely on Odysseus and trust him. He explains to the Phaeacians in book nine, before he begins his big adventure, â€Å"Men hold me/formidable for guile in peace and war:† (9. 8-9). He proves that he has confidence in his authority. He knows his power; how strong and relied on in society. This gives the Phaeacians an idea of how noble and legendary he is. Despite being legendary, an epic hero is also the same as any ordinary man with longings, desires, and weaknesses. When Odysseus arrives at the land of the Cyclopes, his men advise him to snatch some of the food and leave, but to his and his crew’s detriment, he decides to stay, â€Å"Yet I refused. I wished/to see the caveman, what he had to offer-/no pretty sight, it turned out for my friends† (9. 130-132). Though he knew it wasn’t the right thing to do, Odysseus decided to stay. It is a very human-like characteristic to make mistakes. Humans do the things they want sometimes; even if they know it’s not the right thing to do. It shows he can be very much like a normal person at times and though he is trusted to always do the right things, he messes up too. Although epic heroes have human-like features, they are trained warriors and perform courageous and super human deeds for the benefit of others. In book 12, Odysseus knows that the wrath of the monsters, Scylla and Charybdis, lie ahead. Not wanting his men to be afraid and cowardly when they see the monsters, he prepares a speech to prepare them: ‘Friends, have we never been in danger before this? More fearsome, is it now, than when the Cyclops penned us in his cave? What power he had! Did I not keep my nerve, and use my wits to find a way out for us? (12. 143-147) Odysseus proves how heroic he is. He is a strong and intelligent when it comes to dealing with danger. By saying this, he prepares his men not to be afraid and to trust him that everything will be okay, just like all the other times he’s gotten them out of troublesome situations. When they finally reach the monsters, his men don’t chicken out and go forth with what he told them to do. Odysseus is stated to be an epic hero due to the characteristics he demonstrates in the poem the Odyssey. He reveals each of the five requirements needed. He shows he has human-like characteristics, strength, nobility and confidence in his authority throughout his adventures in the Odyssey. With all these features, any character could be an epic hero, just like Odysseus. Works Cited Homer. â€Å"The Odyssey.† The Language of Literature. Eds. Arthur N. Applebee, et.al. Evanston, IL: McDougal Little, 2002. 894-937. Print.

Comparison in the Issue Between USA and South Africa Essay

This paper seeks to make a comparison on freedom of expression between the United States and South Africa. The question to be answered in contained the definition of the problem. II. Definition of the Problem (or Issue/Topic) Is the freedom of expression now in the Republic of South Africa now comparable with that of the United States? III. Nature and Extent of the Problem in the Two Countries The Republic of South has evolved into a republic not many years ago which signifies its adoption of democratic framework which basically includes the freedom of expression as part of the rights of the citizens. The US Constitution which includes the freedom of expression on the other hand has been in existence much longer in number of years as compared with RSA’s. Given the extent of the proliferation of the technology and the universal nature of human rights at this point, it is interesting to evaluate whether the rights or freedom of expression are comparable or have close similarities between the two countries. IV. Dynamics of the Problem This part would refer to the factors that could create or perpetuate the problem or those that would tend toward elimination/resolution of the problem. What could create the problem may include lack of vigilance of the citizens in protecting their rights. Democracy requires vigilance of its citizens (Shaw, S. , 2001; Africa Research Bureau, 1981) and the failure of these citizens to assert their right could result to the demise or non-enjoyment of the right. Another factor is the support of the courts to uphold the right of the citizens by the nature of the decisions made. It is also required that courts need to have independence from the political branch of the government (Lieberman, 2006; Bowman Iii, 2005). What could work towards elimination or resolution could come from the factors that c could create or perpetuate the problem. If the citizens therefore are vigilant, there is a great chance that the right would triumph in the court battles. Similarly if the courts are independent from the political branches of government and that the resulting decision are based on the spirit and letter of the rights or freedom of expression (Pasqualucci, 2006; Pannill, 2002), they by all mean, the conflict if any on these rights may be resolved in favor of their assertion and eventual enjoyment by its citizens V. Analysis on the Degree of Comparability It could be cited that RSA’s ratification of its 1996 Constitution, signaled the adoption of some of the best practices from the different part of the world including that of the US. Since US is believed to the leader in the area of human rights, it could be thought the RSA may actually have improved on what is has adopted. The IFLA/FAIFE World Report: Libraries and Intellectual Freedom (1998) indicates that South Africa still requires more time to have its freedom to be considered comparable to the US. There is thus the RSA court decision involving the freedom of expression thing and what came out was that the Supreme Court has just even overruling previous decisions in favor of the upholding better right of freedom of expression. This means that RSA’s judicial system needs more time to really attain what the US as leader in human rights has attained as to freedom of expression. The IFLA/FAIFE World Report: Libraries and Intellectual Freedom (1998) has cited a decision on defamation in favor of â€Å"City Press† where the court has recently removed the unfair burden of legal liability on media. Without this ruling, the media would continue to be inhibited in its ability in championing the right to freedom of expression. This recent ruling was therefore considered as a victory of the principles of freedom of expression as contained in RSA’ Constitution. Since it was just made recently because of the RSA’s history of more repressive regimes, it could be asserted that it may require more time before RSA could match the kind of right now enjoyed in the US. VI. Conclusion Based on recent rulings of South Africa’s Supreme Court, it could be deduced that citizens of RSA could now be having more freedom of expression. But as stated in the dynamic of the problem, there are factors that could determine the resolution of conflicts pertaining to the right and the same factors could also be influenced the decrease or demise of the rights to expression. One of this is vigilance that must be asserted by the citizens of South Africa. The present level of technology could be a great help for them to use to protect their right by their acts of vigilance. The courts too need to be independent from political branches of government and be not cowed by the experiences of past regimes in South Africa. It has taken South Africa to adopt those of the US principles on human rights including the freedom of expression. It should be enough to conclude, it could not be that fast to reach what the US has attained in many decades for RSA’s freedom expression of expression to attain high degree of comparability with the US. VII. References Africa Research Bureau (1981) Africa Research Bulletin, Africa Research, Ltd. , 1981 Bowman Iii (2005) Mr. Madison Meets a Time Machine: The Political Science of Federal Sentencing Reform; Stanford Law Review, Vol. 58 ICL (2008) The Constitution of South Africa, Act 108 of 1996, {www document} http://www. servat. unibe. ch/icl/sf__indx. html, Accessed November 11, 2008 IFLA/FAIFE World Report: Libraries and Intellectual Freedom (1998), {www document} http://www. ifla. org/faife/report/south_africa. htm, Accessed November 11, 2008 Lieberman (2006) Sorting the Revolutionary from the Terrorist: The Delicate Application of the â€Å"Political Offense† Exception in U. S. Extradition Cases; Stanford Law Review, Vol. 59 Pannill (2002) Free Speech, â€Å"The People’s Darling Privilege†: Struggles for Freedom of Expression in American History; Journal of Southern History, Vol. 68, 2002 Pasqualucci (2006) Criminal Defamation and the Evolution of the Doctrine of Freedom of Expression in International Law: Comparative Jurisprudence of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights; Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law, Vol. 39 Shaw, S. (2001) South Africa’s Transition to Democracy: An African Success Story : a Resource Book on the Positive Changes of the Nineties, The Author

Muslim women today in Islam Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Muslim women today in Islam - Research Paper Example Muslim women in the modern age have a unique image which is sometimes full of misconceptions. We see them as the antithesis of modernity due to their cultural practices. Contrary to popular belief, the discrimination of women in many Muslim societies has nothing to do with them being Muslims. The idea that their religion encourages the poor status of these women is in reality an ignorance of their real place in Islam. The underlying philosophy of Islam with respect to women should therefore be delineated from the well-entrenched customs that have no attachment whatsoever from the Quranic principles. The treatment of women in patriarchal Muslim societies is not the true reflection of women in Islam. It is a mistake to misjudge some cultural practices as evidence of their status. These oppressions and injustices under the pretext of religion is nowhere near the ideal treatment they deserve. Women of today have rights in Islam, which although not thoroughly practiced across the globe, reveal their worth. While it is true that women is equally valuable as men, their difference in roles and functions have led others to believe that they differ in status. A woman is expected to obey her father and then eventually her husband, as this is regarded to be the Will of Allah (Pratt, 2005). A certain Quranic verse has led some to believe women’s inferiority: â€Å"Men are qawwamÃ… «n over women bima God faddala ba’d of them over others, and bima they spend of their own money†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (as cited in Mejia, 2007, p.10). This has been interpreted to mean that men as providers are physically and intellectually above women, thus justifying their authority. There is however evidence to the fact that the hierarchy of gender is not Islamic but was a cultural practice from elsewhere that was embraced my Muslims. Although a man and a woman are physically different, they are nonetheless

Contemporary Corporate Governance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Contemporary Corporate Governance - Essay Example From the research it can be comprehended that governance refers to governing someone with the help of some specified system, policies and principles. Thus corporate governance can be described as the principles, specified processes, policies and systems which are used to govern a company. The principles of corporate governance acts as the guidelines which are used to control the activates of the company so that it can it can achieve its objectives at the same time it can also add value to the organisation in such a way so that the stakeholders can be benefited in long run. Thus corporate governance helps the management to operate in such a way so that not only the shareholders but also the other investors, employees, customer and the society as a whole can be benefited from the actions of the company. The basic premise behind the principles of corporate governance is to enable the organization to conduct its activities with fairness, maintain transparency in its operations and transa ctions, disclose all the relevant information, comply with all the rules, regulations and laws, being responsible accountable to all its stakeholders and to maintain the code of ethics while conducting its activities. Practice of ethical activities is an important part of the corporate governance. Good corporate governance enables the company to achieve investors’ confidence and achieve goodwill in the industry. Thus corporate governance is not only important for the stakeholders but also for the company too. (Thomson, 2009). OECD has described corporate governance as a system through which companies and other business organisations can be controlled as well as directed. Corporate governance helps to setup a structure as per which the responsibilities and the rights of the various members of the companies like the board of directors, employees, shareholders etc can be specified. Corporate governance set the rules, regulations and the processes of decision making regarding the activities of the company. The corporate governance helps the company in setting up the companies objectives and goals and also enable the company assess its performance and helps in achieving them. Corporate govern

Who Benefits In Recession Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Who Benefits In Recession - Essay Example That would take care of the other factors in the economy and that would help to define the recession. (Brainard & Perry, 2001, Pp. 176-177). The recession has a severe effect on the economy as seen by the events during the recession. As the GDP decreases the country attracts less investment. There is a dearth of investment during the recession. There is decreased demand in the economy and the companies find it hard to make a commendable business. As a result, there is stock of unused goods and machinery. The consumption function of the economy decreases and this has a multiplier effect in the economy. As there is not a proper utilization of resources, there is a relatively higher production costs. As the production costs are high, therefore, it has an effect on the consumption. Though there is a rise in the production costs, the change in the wages is not uniform. In some cases the workers are thrown out of their jobs and the in the other5 cases there is a decrease in the wages of th e labor. In the case of the productivity, the volume of the production decreases. Therefore, the production of the companies decrease and the companies are on the verge of the extinction. From the typical recession scenario seen from the history of the world, it has been noted that the conditions of the economy needs some time to change. The economic conditions of the country are severe and the companies get closed. This effects the employment in the economy and the production. Most of the employees loose their jobs and experience a pay cut. This makes it hard for the survival of the people in the economy. The conditions are improved in the economy by the intervention strategies of the Government. The condition of the economy during the recession needs some thoughts put in by the Government and the economy needs financial support. In the modern world, most of the countries have minimum intervention strategies by the Government. But during the

Punjabi Music Bhangra Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Punjabi Music Bhangra - Essay Example Bhangra music is a genre that was developed in the 1980s in England. It entails both folk and classical music from various western regions as well as the Punjab region of India. Some people refer to Bhangra as a kind of dance since it was earlier used as a celebratory folk dance that meant spring or Vaisakhi was nearby (David, 2011). Concerning India’s partition, members from the different partitions started to interact and mix their varied form of Bhangra. This mixture resulted in a hybrid form of Bhangra that in cooperated many different styles. Some people also referred Bhangra as a folk dance.It is dated to begin as folk dance in 11th century by Punjabi farmers celebrating forthcoming of their seasonal harvests. The various moves used in Bhangra of this form depicted how the farmers farmed their land (David, 2011). It is then that this hybrid dance emerged to become Bhangra. Later, the folk dance was popularized in the West by Punjabi musicians. Today, Bhangra dance exists in many different forms and styles including in film sound tracks, pop music, cultural shows and collegiate competitions (Clint & Jasject, 2009). Bhangra music In late 1960s and early 1970, Bhangra music was popularized greatly in the United Kingdom by many Punjabi bands. Example of music bands existing in those times were The Jambo boys, The Black mist and the Saathies. It was their success that created a fan base and inspired more new artists. (David, 2011). These bands used to get a lot of support from both Indian Punjab and the Pakistani. This led to the creation of an alternative to Hindi film music and Ounjabi folk singers Punjabi. Some artists that are still alive today include Alaap band, Apna Sangeet, Heera Group, Chiraq Pehchan and the new pardesi music machine. After 1994, some bands dissolved due to the introduction of electronic Dj loop sampling and dhol drum (Clint & Jaskect, 2009). In the 1980s (Big Bhangra) Punjabi Immigrants invented Bhangra music in the 1980s afte r taking the folk sound from their home country and started experimenting on it by altering it by using instruments from other countries. The Bhangra music quickly gained popularity in Britain and by so, replacing the Punjabi folk singers (David, 2011). This was made possible by the music in cooperating aspects of rock sounds in their music. Since rock music was popular at that time in Britain, that incorporation really assisted it to get more fans. Bhangra music by in cooperating rock sounds signaled the development of a distinctively rebellious and self conscious Asian Youth culture .That time, young Asians in Britain associated themselves more with Bhangra music as it depicted the need to want to become free from expressing themselves (David, 2011). At that time, there was wide silent rebellion by the Asians in British and they expressed it through gestures, language, bodily signification, and many ways. Such times, there was racism and the Asian people never wanted to be discrim inated nor alienated, and so Punjabi music, gave them a sense of pride and identity in such hard times. In the 1980s, some Bhangra artists sold many record labels even some made their way to the Top 40 UK chart. These times, the melody was played out using a harmonium or a guitar and the composer received as much attention from the fans like the (David, 2011). It was during this time that the very first Bhangra boy band, Sahotas, composed of 5 brothers from the UK emerged. It was evident that their music was a mixture of Bhangra, dance and rock. The Golden Star UK was one of the biggest Bhangra stars of that era. Its lead singer, Malkit was mentored by Proffessor Inderjit Singh and improved his skills in Bhangra dancing and Punjabi folk singing while in College. In 1983, from his hit song,† Gurh Naloo ishq Mitha†, he won a gold medal and later in cooperated it in his album, Nach Gidhe Wich that was released in 1984.This album was a strong hit among South Asians (David, 2 011). Another group, Alaap, led by Channi Singh,

APPLICATION OF COMMUNITY HEALTH & POPULATION-FOCUSED NURSING Essay

APPLICATION OF COMMUNITY HEALTH & POPULATION-FOCUSED NURSING - Essay Example In connection with this assertion, one can describe TB outbreak as a situation where TB transmission occurred within the previous few years, and there is the potential for the M. tuberculosis to be transmitted extensively. The outbreak of TB can be analyzed closely with descriptive epidemiology that characterizes the outbreaks of the disease by person, place, and time. In characterizing the disease by person, one considers the health habits of the TB patients, homelessness as well as incarceration. In connection with this claim, it is evident that excessive alcohol use, as well as illicit drug use, contributes to the occurrence of TB. It is also possible for the disease to have originated from one location then got transmitted to other places. For instance, the spread of TB can be as a result of people occupying the same apartment complex or coming together in churches and workplaces. The outbreak of TB can also be characterized in terms of time; it is possible for the outbreak of the disease to be varying with time in a given place (CDC, 2014). The characterization of the outbreak of TB with time proves that the outbreak is not controllable. The risk factors associated with the epidemiology of TB inc lude low immunity in children below the age of 5, presence of other diseases such as HIV infection and diabetes, and smoking of cigarettes. Other diseases that provide the chances of developing TB include alcoholism and malnutrition (CDC, 2014). The outbreak of TB poses a very serious economic challenge to a community. The death of people from TB results to the loss of productivity; the outbreak of TB leads to the death of potential people affecting the economy of the affected community and state. The cost associated with treatment of the disease is also a constant drain on the government’s resources. The outbreak of TB is also associated with the destruction of families as well as the functionality of schools where

Financial Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

Financial Strategy - Essay Example â€Å"Value added† is only meaningful in the context of some kind of value that a firm's portfolio has that isn't immediately apparent from their stock prices or investment guide. The fact that a company is connected to a larger company, for example, would be relevant to investors. Managing cost centres is normally quantified on the balance sheet anyways, but even when it isn't, it is a tiny part of the value added picture. Lu, Tsai and Yen (2010) point out that intangible assets are immensely important to valuing firms. â€Å"In knowledge-based economy, the method for creating firm value transfers from traditional physical assets to intangible knowledge. As intangible assets value is an important part of firm value, valuation of intangible assets becomes a widespread topic of interest in the future of economy† (Lu et al, 2010). Lu, Tsai and Yen point to six particular value-added sources that their data-mining from Taiwanese firms found: â€Å"R&D intensity, family, p articipation in management, pyramids, profitability, and dividend† (Lu et al, 2010). Intangible assets are clearly vital to a company: Indeed, they are the company, the money being the way for those assets to be deployed. What makes a company like Microsoft grow ten-thousand fold is intangible elements like strategy, intuition, etc. The problem with these assets is manifold: 1. These assets are not easily fungible. Bill Gates would not have been worth very much before Microsoft's ascension. 2. These assets are not easily measurable. Creativity, political connections, inherited knowledge from family, secret recipes... until they have been tried and tested in the market, they have no quantifiable value. 3. They are context-specific. A piece of land is worth however much it is objectively. But Bill Gates and Paul Allen were a team. Split them apart and their separate value was probably far, far lower. Aside from the factors that Lu, Tsai and Yen (2010) identify, intangible assets of value include far more. Political connections are immensely valuable: If someone can exert political pressure to protect one from upcoming regulation or other important legislation, that can be worth millions to the shareholders. Families are value-added because they typically have a shared sense of camaraderie and loyalty with less need for monitoring and because they have special knowledge passed down a family line not accessible to those outside of it. Again, the problem is the signal-to-noise ratio: The vast majority of family knowledge is not applicable to business success, but sometimes an individual piece of information in the flotsam and jetsam, like a recipe, actually is. Innovation is particularly important, especially a culture of innovation. Companies like Google, 3M, Microsoft in their heydey and Mac now are known for being innovators, which is partially created by the people they hire but also heavily determined by the organizational practices they implement. Partn erships with other firms would be another value-added investors should be aware of. Strategic partnerships have a proven track record of raising company value. In small-to-medium sized software companies, Kennedy and Keeney's research found that â€Å"strategic partnerships were initiated to take advantage of firm synergy, reputation and credibility

Health Psychology Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Health Psychology - Article Example The research further aimed at identifying applied methods for managing effects of the realized stress among the students and significance of the strategies. Further, the researchers aimed at exploring existence of significant difference among the factors to stress, approaches to management, and the degree of effects of stress that the students realize. The differences were based on â€Å"gender,† â€Å"age,† â€Å"ethnicity,† â€Å"relationship status† and â€Å"previous contact with cancer patients† (Jones, Fellows and Horne, 2011, p. 220). Research findings identified a significant difference in reported level of stress by gender in which females reported higher stress scores than males while the other demographic factors did not report significant differences. The results identify cancer patients’ status as one of the factors to the students’ reported stress. Effects of the disease on patients physical and psychological well being as well as effects on the patients’ family members are other factors to the students’ stress. The process of disclosing bad news to relatives of a cancer patient is another stressor to the students. The participants also reported application of â€Å"problem and emotion focused coping strategies† in managing stress and application of the strategies depended on the students’ reported degree of stress (Jones, Fellows and Horne, 2011, p. 221). One of the researchers’ recommendations is a further research to investigate possible impacts of the realized stress on the students’ health. Assuming the role of a nurse to implement this research, my research would include determination of a research question for exploring the new study. It would further include development of a research methodology for the research question, determination of the most appropriate design for implementation and sampling of medical students for the study. Data

Hypothetical situations Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Hypothetical situations - Assignment Example Personal honesty is a moral standard that should guide committed and devoted engineers. With personal honesty, civil engineers will construct bridges not with the greed of making money but with the honesty of using appropriate proportionality of the required material that will enhance reputation of the engineers, longevity of the structure and safety of the users. Secondly, engineers distinctively should practice with the mindful care of the environment. Since their area of practice and exploration is the natural environment, therefore it would make more sense if they cared for it more as a form of long-term investment. If their exploration is guided by short time gains and personal interest, then the environment is at risk of being over-exploited. This will leave the future generation with serious risks (Aristotle & Reeve, 2014). It is, therefore, arguable that the two virtues have a bearing on a wider scope of significance and inside them, there is a host virtue that will be put into practice such as avoiding bribery, ensuring public safety, fairness and conflict of interest. Q2. In the present time of arrogance, people who have humility and full of virtues are considered as weak and timid. One of my acquaintances who had excelled in his A-level examinations had full-blown arrogance as the happiest of all the candidates who sat for those final examinations. At the same time, a classmate that did averagely on the exam was happy that he had gone through the system, which he out rightly considered as not strategic for him. He had great ideas of entrepreneurship that made him get the breakthrough. With humility and his humble stature, he employed a number of the poor and paid them honestly. In the fullness of time, the brightest student of our time went through the system with every holiday working as the part-timer on the business empire that the failure had developed. On reflection,

Development from Birth - 19 Years Essay Example for Free

Development from Birth 19 Years Essay The aspects of development are defined as Physical, Social Emotional, Language and Intellectual. There are different stages of development for each category, 0-3 years, 3-7 years, 7-12 years and 12-19 years. All children will follow the same pattern of development but at different rates and will reach their milestones at different times. Physical During the 0-3 year period a child’s physical development will see them start to move and react to memorable sounds and voices. They recognise people, reach for brightly coloured or noisy items. Their ability to move begins with rolling over, moves to crawling, shuffling and finally the ability to walk. Fine motor skills will also increase, from being able to hold and shake interesting objects to using crayons to scribble and make marks. They will use body language to communicate, such as shaking the head to indicate ‘NO’. As they move into years 3-7 their skills become more refined, they will be able to walk up and down stairs, catch a ball, use paints. Then they will learn to pedal a bike start to draw basic pictures of people or houses. Movement continues to improve and they become confident at climbing and jumping and their fine motor skills allow them to write more clearly, sew and manage shoe laces. By ages 7-12 years children are generally able to hit a ball and participate in team sports although their ability may not meet their own expectations at first. During adolescence physical development becomes more about appearance and the process of puberty. Whilst girls begin this process earlier than boys all children will develop as individuals. This can be a very difficult time for teenagers, with insecurities about they way they look and how they compare to their peers. Some will suffer anxiety at some point and worry about being a late or early developer. Social and Emotional Social and emotional development begins by showing affection and becoming attached to parents or carers and becoming what we usually call ‘clingy’. Young children may become distressed when a parent leaves the room or is not in sight. Slightly older children may demand attention and use tantrums to get their own way. They will generally be easily distracted from unwanted behaviour. By age 2-3 years children enjoy playing with older people who provide them with attention and begin to enjoy time with children their own age. Over the next few years the child becomes more independent and coopertative and likes to help. They develop social skills and play with others is more comfortable as they begin to consider the feelings of others and make friends, although resolving disputes can still be an issue. Rules and routine are required to help the child feel secure and safe. In later years the child becomes less dependant on their parents and moves closer to their peers. They develop a sense of right and wrong by may still adult intervention to settle arguments. They become aware of their gender and normally prefer the company of their own sex. Their behaviour differs with their emotions depending upon circumstance. In the final stages of development puberty creates feelings of self-consciousness and insecurity about body image. Behaviour is very unsettled as they sway between the feelings of being a child and wanting to be an adult. Friendships become stronger and adolescents depend less on the parents. They are much more aware of the opposite sex and need to fit in social with their peer group. People of this age begin to think about their social environment and may start to form strong opinions about community, politics and religion. Language In the early stages of development language is more about making sounds to show feelings. Babies watch others to learn facial movements to help them to begin making their own sounds and will turn towards sound they hear. From making sounds, words develop and gradually increase in number. They begin to understand key words spoken to them and will repeat back what they hear building from single words, to phrases and then sentences. Children’s ability to understand develops faster than the ability to speak and this can cause frustration with not being able to express themselves. During the 3-7 year period children begin to question things more intently, use more accurate grammar and their vocabulary increases dramatically. Reading skills start to develop, first recognising a few frequently seen words and understanding stories and books. During the Key Stage 1 years learning and recognising letters and the sounds they make develops into reading and later into writing. The next stages of language development involves the vocabulary increasing further and learning to spell more difficult words. Adult interaction is important to help children learn fluency and progress towards telling more complicated stories and the correct use of grammar and tenses. During adolescence language becomes more mature and logical thinking begins to develop. They can be sarcastic and begin to experiment with humour or may wish to publicly demonstrate their new found skills. Intellectual Early intellectual development involves copying others through play and testing different styles of behaviour. Young children also begin to recognise that all people are separate from themselves. Next comes the ability to understand instructions and recognise things that are similar, for example, shapes and colours. Between 5-7 years children start to become aware of their environment and understand what is means when things are different or the same. Next a child will develop their own interests and reading becomes a skill used for entertainment. Finally the mind matures and young people learn responsibility for their own thoughts and actions. They begin to think about their future lives and things they might like to do like, jobs, marriage and children. The ability to make connections between pieces of information and the world around them also matures. The speed of development at this stage very much depends upon the amount of guidance received. The more guidance a person gets the quicker they are able to reflect upon how things relate to in practice to their lives. An individuals personal identity is formed from the things they learn at this stage which should be more moral and cultural. Adolescents begin to take more responsibility away from their parents with regard to managing their finances, employment and their personal relationships and becomes complete during adulthood.

My Journey to Being an Advocate of Reality and Existential Therapies Essay Example for Free

My Journey to Being an Advocate of Reality and Existential Therapies Essay Introduction For someone who has always seen himself as lesser superior than others; for someone whose confidence is always behind the scene; for someone who has never really seen himself any bigger than a green pea; for someone who has acquired numbers of rejection which, apparently, outnumbered number of acceptance from people around him; for someone who used to just exist – just exist – who would have thought it would come to this point? Review I cannot consider my life as an extraordinary this world had ever had. Each person has a story to tell and I must say mine is not really something different. While some people spend their lives with lots of colors around them, some just do not – and as much as I hate to admit, I spent many years of my life belonging to the second group. I go with flow and that has always been the case. It goes this way: I knew I need to attend school and so I did. I have to do well in school or else I will suffer from all the criticisms – the usual criticisms. It is never easy to live in other people’s expectations to the point that it is what they want that drives you. It is your body under their minds. I can now imagine how pathetic that was. All the while, though, I do not think I was as inspired as the rest of the class was. I did not make lots of friends from school. No big deal! But there were times when I also deal with thinking of the reasons for the ‘empty’ life. Those days would usually end with me getting no answer than ‘It must be me†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Although I acknowledge the fact that each of us has our own set of preferences and all the while, I lived in the thought that I just prefer to live my life like this – lonely, detached, alone. It was tiring when you care for no one and more when no one cares for you. This probably exhibits the self-centered approach known to men. My being careless about others exhibits my being self-centered while others being self-centered is signified by how I saw them treating me. I started my career as an advocate of science and technology. Yes, my first degree was within the realm of hard science. I used to get fascinated with breakthroughs science gets to offer – all those inventions and advances in technology. Awesome! Hale great! Breath-taking! Fantastic! All those praises†¦ Nothing can beat the feeling of having invented something out of nothing. Or the feeling of being the one to drastically improve the current state of something for the benefit of people around the globe it is always satisfying! Or so I was told. But who could tell it was not really a career of choice? I was one of those high school graduates who do not really know what they want to happen in their lives. And so, without any particular basis, it was Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering that I ended up with. Not a bad call anyway. I am aware of the good future this field has to offer. I have known of lots of people who have succeeded in this career and, yes, that is, somehow, something to look forward to. I, at least, had this driving force to continue with my study. Fair enough to push me to strive harder and harder. I just told myself I need it or else I will end up with nothing. Although I appeared to be so passive all the while, in my heart I know I long for something. That something, however, is unknown. I do not know if I am just one those people who experience wanting something they do not exactly know what or looking for something they do not know, for sure, if existent. Can you just imagine how if feels to be in the dark? Be somewhere without any clear direction? They say that every little thing just takes a little of getting used to. Oh, well, probably, as I seemed to have been used to the feeling of being lost. It was sad but true. At this point in my life, I can never consider this as self-centeredness as I cannot even put myself at the center of everything. Myself was put on dark – not in the center but in the darkness. Despite the lack of light in my life, I never questioned the existence of the Great Someone Up There. I perfectly know he is there. I do not recall how often I scream for His help. Maybe not that often but, of course, I do. I do and in my heart, I know I am not essentially alone all the while. However, there are moments when I tend to question the number and quantity of challenges facing me. There seems to be imbalance in load allocation. How come I am so lost while others follow certain direction? How come I do not know what I want in life while others are so certain of what they want in theirs? How come I do not seem to possess enough reason to be happy and complete. I often envy happy and satisfied people, I must admit – but I do not harm to them. I just envy them, that is it. And more often than not, I wish I were in their shoes. I even envy my own family members who seemed to find satisfaction in this life. Self-centered, I was, that time. In all the insecurities I have inside, there were times when I ask myself if this is something I caused. What is that something I failed to do? What is that something that I can probably change to make a difference? What could be missing? I have heard of success stories about people who started with nothing and ended up having the life they have always dreamed of. Can I not be one of them? My concern is never monetary. I did not wish for the whole world. I just want a piece of it – a piece of it where I can enjoy life to the fullest. I did not ask for extravagant things. What would a loner do with those? I doubt if anybody could really enjoy everything alone. I did not wish for fame. I have lived my life not having the attention of the whole world. I just want some compassion and feeling of belongingness. I did not wish for power as I have never ever seen myself mandating others or controlling the world. It could be that I long for power but that power is the power to appreciate and enjoy life, the power to make people see me as a sensible being worth the company, the power to contribute to the ‘real’ things in this world. In short, I was never a materialistic type. There are things I lack from within and that is something I longed for to fill in. Looking at these things now, it was all, I – I – I. I was so I-centered. Self-centeredness, however, can be seen positively or negatively. Realization should start from oneself. Otherwise, there is no way one can share himself to others. There is no way sharing yourself if you are now whole. In this way, self-centeredness can be seen as a first way in building or trying to build relationships with others. I used to have a, so to speak, very narrow view of things in life. I exist. I have to live. I have to survive. I used to find the question, â€Å"What am I here for?† or â€Å"Why do I exist?† as clichà © that should have been buried decades back. Come on! You are here because you are here and there is just nothing you can do about it! It is not a problem needing solution. It is just a situation that you have to live with. You are left with just two options – either you continue to exist or you end your own existence. Is that something needing some sort of profound thinking?! Life is as plain as that. You just have to go with the flow. I was never a person of confidence. I could not care less of what others might be thinking of me. Why would I? Could they care for me any better than that? I doubt†¦ I am just me. With or without me, the world would still revolve around the sun. With or without me, people from any part of the globe would still have 24 hours in a day. With or without me, things still go precisely the same way as they do when I am here. I am a nobody to ever have the notion I mean something – that I am myself and this person counts. This was when I began my resolve of finding more meaning and finding reality in a passionate and phenomenological way (Deurzen, Kenward, 2005). This turning point of shifting specializations was particularly critical in my advocacy of Reality Therapy. I have realized that while there are social norms and expectations that we all have to comply with in our roles, there should be no reason that should prevent me from pursuing my dreams. This is when I began to acknowledge and espouse Reality Therapy. I have realized that it would be such a waste to continue pursuing decisions that are against my choice; and whicha are driven merely by the desire to please others. I have also begun to look into how I can create a trusting environment for clients to be more receptive of techniques that espouse positive change in their lives (The Institute for Reality Therapy, 2007). From this turning point, I have become more strongly aware of the motives behind my actions. I was not after pleasing others with every action I took; rather, I started to evaluate things from the   perspective of logic and sense and improving my choices in the future (Miller, 1992). As I started to look back, where did it all start? Where and when did I ever acquire this feeling of inferiority and lack of self-worth? When did I start to â€Å"kill† myself? After some self-scrutiny, these questions led me to this answer the number of rejections I got from people around me. I was ignored for more than once, not just twice, far more than thrice, and to say it is four times is an understatement. It is never easy to be ignored. It is a feeling I would not want myself to dwell with – not anymore. As some people say, any attention is better than none. And indeed, any attention is better than the countless rejections my past gave me. Life has never been that kind to me. All those moments when I wanted to say something and no one seemed to be interested to even turn a head to look at who is talking; all those moments when my eyes could not speak more of what I feel inside and yet no one seemed to notice; all those moments when the only resort I can think of is to walk and walk and walk until my life ends; all those moments when all I wanted is to disappear from everybody’s sight; all those moments contributed to the me that I used to be. In which case, the concept of containment applied in me. It was during this time when I tend to control and keep all emotions to myself, given the assumption that no one will listen and no one will care. My life went on and on and on. I learned to care for myself and for myself alone as I do not want to meddle with any other people’s lives. Why would I? Is it not that for so long I am with myself and myself alone? Is it not that for so long, I could not seem to find anyone beside me? Who ever said, â€Å"No man is an island?† I used to be an island and that is something I can attest. Until this very day came – I happened to come across (accidentally or probably it is fate’s planned way) with this certain book entitled, â€Å"Teach Only Love†. I am not a bookworm, definitely. No, unless it is an Engineering, Mathematics, or Physics book. I cannot exactly recall what is in that book that made me read it through. It was not me that is for sure. Nonetheless, the next thing I know is I finished reading that book. This is not normal. This must be something. And, indeed, it was. Why? Because reading that book had been the key to discover the other self I have. Yes, and it surprised me much more than any reader of this essay could ever imagine. What about this â€Å"magical† book? Nothing special at first glance†¦ It is a simple, plain, ordinary book that discusses the importance of our every word and every deed. It emphasizes that what we are today is basically an aftermath of what we said and did yesterday. I then started to look back at my past once more – the past that does not possess any allure to be revisited if not for the purpose of wanting to see myself mourning for the nth time. After reading this book once, I must admit something in me felt a slight change in perspective. But I was in denial. It is just a book – a fantasy created by someone, a perspective shared to others hoping there will be people to buy the ideas. â€Å"Count me out†, I told myself. But this book seemed to have a magical and magnetic property that made me want to read it over again. And so I did. This time, I cannot seem to put myself in denial as I did the first time. And yes, it opened my eyes in more than just one way. How could this certain piece of something, non-living, non-speaking, can speak of the things I have never heard from anyone in my life? How could this piece of bound paper wake me up from the long sleep I have been? How could it be? These are the questions reining my head for days and days. I got tired of seeking for answers. And then came the answer – if that non-living thing happened to show the life out of me, I can do far better than that. If this thing that does not have a mouth spoke to me of million things, how better could someone with mouth do that? If this thing that does not have a hand touched me in a unique, special way that no one has ever done before, what more could my able hands do? If this thing without eyes saw me the way I have always wanted to be seen, how better could these bright eyes of mine see those who are in need of my attention? If this thing without ears heard me like I was never listened to before, what more could these ears of mine do to those people who need people to listen as they confess? If this thing without shoulder happened to offer me a cradle of comfort, what more could this broad shoulder of mine offer those who need some rest? And if this thing without a heart happened to feel me, how can my heart not feel what other people have to express? It is this moment when I finally decided to stop asking why but to start thanking God that for millions of wandering souls we have in this world, I was given the chance to come across this book that opened millions of wonderful and worthwhile possibilities. This book was also instrumental in developing my advocacy for Existential Therapy. I was then able to appreciate more my ‘humanness’, and I have begun to appreciate seeing things from a phenomenological point of view. This was a drastic shift from my previous career which dealt with things from a strongly empirical viewpoint (Existential Therapy.com, 2007). I am also more of a believer of Rogers, particularly of his teaching that people are innately good and evil is an external force that comes from culture and socialization (Rogers, 1982). And so the confession above justifies the need for me to shift my profession from the hard sciences to Counseling Psychology, specifically advocating Reality and Existential Therapies. These are far apart degrees and, yes, I did not see myself engaging in counseling. No, not even in my wildest dream. But this is not a dream. Yes, I am living in reality and the reality is that this is the vocation of choice. This is where I find myself, my heart. This is where I belong. It is true what the â€Å"magical† book says – that it is from your past where you draw your present. If not for the thousands of rejection, if not for the feeling of inferiority, if not for the lack of self confidence, I do not really think this book would have as much effect on me as it had. What is in counseling that truly entices me? It is not the feeling of recognition. It is not the money behind every consultation. It is not to make a living. It is to live and to let others appreciate how wonderful it is to live. Experience, indeed, is the best teacher. I know the feeling of being neglected. I experienced lots of it. And this leads me to wanting to help people feel important, feel needed, feel worthy. I know the feeling of losing self worth and so I love to boost people’s confidence in themselves. I love to see people seeing their value as a person and claiming it as theirs. I love to see people loving themselves. But going through all these things, all these aspirations for others required lots of self realization. I had to learn to love myself first. It is true that you cannot share something you do not possess in the first place. How can I share love and confidence when I do not have it myself? I started with loving myself unconditionally, being proud of myself like I have never achieved anything before, and looking myself at the mirror with the courage to say, â€Å"This is me and without me, the world will never be exactly the same again.† When I finally learned to appreciate my own self, that was the time I started to see others in the way they should be seen – no prejudgment, no bias, no unjust feeling. This is where I started to realize the positive side of seeing things from a phenomenological point of view. I took time to stabilize myself and when the time came, accidentally or planned, that I can tell myself I am whole, was the time I can start reaching out to others. Therapeutic relationship with others is where the essence of counseling relies. You have to build that kind of relationship to be able to counsel who are in need of help. When is it therapeutic? When you can ease others’ pain and when you can hear others’ grief without literally saying it. It is when your relationship with people tends to make those people feel relieved of their burden. It is the talent that no book can actually teach. The theories behind help, but the counselor’s approach to practice it can never be assured by the theories. Existential therapy entails understanding things from the point of the view of the client, expressing strong empathy, and having a profound realization of the goodness of human beings (Wilkes Milton, 2006). The person being counseled would want it done that way. Well, to start with, he seeks counseling to be paid with attention that he wants to get, to get the understanding that no one seems to give him. The counselor should be able to give that. The central purpose is to make the person being counseled feel healed of the burden. As I walk down the road, I wish my simple talk can speak of the things the lesser fortunate being would want to hear; my simple touch, I wish, could give them the comfort and shield they need; my simple smile, I pray, could bring them joy and hope that tomorrow is another day. There are, indeed, things no textbook can teach. There are things you can only learn as you get through it. I now know the answer to my questions and the answer is that I had to experience all those to experience what I am experiencing now. That may be the only acceptable answer and I do not really intend to search for more. Life is so simple if we only know how to really live it. Life happens but once. I might have spent many years of it in a not-so-wonderful way but it life does not lead back. It only moves forward. And so I should. No one should really wallow about the misfortunes in life, as there is no such thing. There are instances – some are happy while some are not. But those that are not are not really misfortunes if we are to scrutinize. Those are just God’s means to prepare us. He does not teach us how to see things. He can only provide us with tests that can help us see things the way He wants us to. Our God is never a spoon-feeding, pampering God. He is a just God who gives comprehensive examinations where we can learn great lessons if we only listen. The world is a very huge venue to learn. This life is a very comprehensive exam to pass. The beauty is when we learn to appreciate the class – when we go to it not because it is mandatory to go to it but because we love to. Conclusion If anybody would ask me now if I regret giving up my first degree to pursue counseling, I will answer, â€Å"The sad past led me to a wonderful today. Every bit of failure and pain did not really lead me to regretting anything because in each of those, I learned. And in each of those, I grew – not just as a person for myself but as a person for other people.† And now, I no longer find the question, â€Å"What do I live for?† mushy. I can tell, with chin up, I live for others to appreciate their lives. I do not just exist. I live. I continue to learn through others with high hopes and belief that they also learn from me. References Deurzen, E. van, Kenward, R. (2005). Dictionary of existential Psychotherapy and Counselling. London: Sage Publications. Existential Therapy.com. (2007). Humanistic psychology. Retrieved on April 5, 2007 from http://www.existential-therapy.com/HumanisticPsychotherapy.htm Miller, R. B. (Ed.). (1992). The restoration of dialogue: Readings in the philosophy of clinical psychology. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Rogers, C. (1982). Reply to Rollo Mays Letter to Carl Rogers. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 22, 85-89. The Institute for Reality Therapy. (2007). Reality therapy. Retrieved on April 5, 2007 from http://www.realitytherapy.org.uk/ Wilkes, R. Milton, M. (2006). Being an existential therapist: An IPA study of existential therapists’ experiences. Existential Analysis, 3(5), 24-30.

BMW and Rosslyn Plants Supply Chain Management and Logistics

BMW and Rosslyn Plants Supply Chain Management and Logistics BMW (Bayerische Motoren Werke), is arguably a luxury car manufacturer. BMW group headquarter is in Munich, Germany, however the company is settle all over the world (BMW Group, 2004) More detailed in (Appendix 1). In the early 1973, BMW opened his first international plant in Rosslyn South Africa (Autointell.com, 2007). Introduction The shifting business conditions of the 21st century has led to companies facing issues ranging from economic uncertainty to new technologies, globalisation and increasing consumer demands. In the automobile industry, as manufacturers design and build vehicles globally, their supply chains turn into increasingly multifaceted with challenges that frequently stand in the way of profitability and higher shareholder value such as long order-to-delivery lead times, unpredictable production schedules, excess inventory across the supply chain, lengthy demand planning cycles and lack of visibility of suppliers. The effect of the global economic meltdown increased the pressure on automotive executives to make right decisions about their supply chain for better performance. This paper will analyze how the German car manufacturer BMW South Africa (SA) at Rosslyn plant operates and how supply chain is conceived, supported, delivered and developed as well as identify the inventory management and the performance improvement that are affected by the identifying the logistics and supply chain management (SCM) systems as a possible strategy to respond to changing consumer demand. BMW Supply Chain Management process Supply chain management (SCM) can be defined as the design and management of seamless, value-added process across organisational boundaries to meet the real needs of the end customer (Fawcett et al., 2007). Generally, SCM involves relationships and managing the inflow and outflow of goods, services and information (network) between and within producers, manufacturers and the consumers (Christopher, 2005; Samaranayake, 2005; Gripsrud, 2006). A supply chain includes all activities, functions and facilities (directly or indirectly) in the flow and transformation of goods and services from the material stage to the end user (Sherer, 2005). It consists of an upstream supplier network and downstream channel (Mangan et al, 2008). The supply chain process at BMW starts from the customer and ends with the customer. BMW uses built-to-order structure to provide their customers what they want. Customer makes their request online or throughout the dealers. The information is then transmitted to Munich (Germany) which is captured in a central database. Bill distribution is done to establish cost of manufacturing and deciding where the car will be manufactured (Academicsjournal.org, 2010). This is informed by the nature and design of the product, the cost involved and the lead time. All parts are complete on built-to-stock foundation on the model life of the car imported. Parts are received at the Cape Town international airport by shipment in the case of South Africa Rosslyn plant (SAP) (Academicsjournal.org, 2010). It is then conveyed to the Rosslyn plant in Pretoria where it is then assembly. After assembled, it is taken to the warehouse where it is transported to the dealers set for collection by the customer (Ka ps, 2006). Several of the manufacturing, distribution of cars, suppliers of parts, exportation, quality values at BMW and the employ of mySAP technology for steering communication. These processes can be explained as follows. Production The production practice of cars goes during different shops where precise technologies are practical to make sure that value cars are delivered to customers. The procedure starts at Body-in-White Shop, where diverse pressed body parts are assembled into a body shell (Academicsjournal.org, 2010). The next procedure is the Paint Shop, where it is painted according to the customers request. At last the painted body goes to Assembly Shop where parts are fixed as per specification ordered by the customer. The essential issue is stretchy manufacturing (Academicsjournal.org, 2010). Paintings of car A painting of car is flexible to manufacture cars which meet the customers exact requests. Colour is an important principle for the customer choosing a car and is an influential marketing tool. Each customer is provided with the specific model require, with personalised features and all the options ordered, calls for an exceptionally high standard, not only in assembly but also in production and vehicle delivery management (Academicsjournal.org, 2010). However, one of the main activities on the assembly line occurs at the mix point: the point at which the engine and drive train are mixed to the body of the car. Improvements are made on the assembly line which has made it possible for BMW plant to produce all the 3 Series 4-door model derivatives and option requirements for the local and export market (Academicsjournal.org, 2010). Suppliers and assembly line BMW Rosslyn plant for example has about 44 local suppliers. Suppliers bring more than 60% of the mechanism of each car to the line. Just in time (JIT) supply processes ensure that certain components of the vehicle are on the assembly line just in time to be fixed to the exact vehicle they are made for. JIT supply systems are used to bring door panels, exhaust systems and rear and front axles to the correct point on the assembly line. Using a JIT supply scheme saves space by minimizing stock on the premise (Acamdemicsjournal.org, 2010). Typically, there is only one and a half hours of stock on the line at any set time which prevents damage to stock transport costs and saves storage. BMW plant delivers world-class worth products to consumers across the globe. All operational production is managed for offering uncompromising, best quality. However each and all procedure in manufacturing involved the car is checked for process inspections and aptitudes are implemented where needed (Acade micsjournal.org, 2010). Distribution BMW plant Vehicle Distribution Centre (VDC) has a distribution facility and a cost-effective storage, allowing the safety and quality protection of the vehicles. A 200-vehicle car-train loads export vehicles use dedicated railway facilities and off-loads each day import vehicles. For example Rosslyn plant has about 196 dealers locally. Vehicles intended for dealers are loaded onto car carriers and to dealerships around the country, which save the vehicle from any marks wear and scratch prior to delivery to a customer (Academicsjournal.org, 2010). All vehicles are inspected by associates VDC prior to loading to guarantee that the highest possible levels of quality delivery to dealers are maintained. The VDC provides a mechanical and paint/body workshop for the service and repair of company vehicles in addition to approve used cars. Manufactured vehicles are then transported to Durban (SA) for export. Transportation of vehicles to Durban port is on a daily basis. BMW South Africa (SA) has two train carriers, each one with a storage capacity of 176 units (Academicsjournal.org, 2010). The trains are used to transport imports units from Durban harbour to the VDC in Rosslyn. The vehicles are loaded onto car carrying vessels at the Durban harbour, known as RORO ships. These ships transport vehicles to several marketplaces at the opposite ends of the earth. Cars are conveyed on a bi-monthly basis to the Far East, USA and Australia, respectively (Academicsjournal.org, 2010). The transit period differs depending to the destination: Japan 23 days, USA 29 49 days, Australia 13 22 days (Academicsjournal.org, 2010). Quality Standards To ensure optimum customer satisfaction, the built quality of the vehicles produced at BMW Rosslyn Plant is measured through a process called Complete Product Audit. This audit compares the quality of a unit to the customers requirements, including technical specifications, fitment and function. These audits are performed throughout the build process at specified points. These strict audit standards are set at BMW Germany by the Central Quality department and are the same for all BMW plant (Academicsjournal.org, 2010). Using mySAP at BMW BMW uses mySAP Automotive to inspect assembly rank in real time. MySAP automotive parts use information and registers production validation every three minutes. Although, parts used during assembly are separately from the inventory count, and costs are posted to calculate the value of work in process. mySAP automotive helps to reduce order-to delivery time, reinforces supply chain activities in the areas of demand planning by tracking, tracing of material deliveries and improves inventory accuracy across BMW plant enabling significant reduction time-to customer (Academicsjournals.org, 2010). It also receives custom-configured manufacturing orders from BMWs planning system which include all the parts necessary to manufacture each car. However, BMW sends these long-horizon forecasts and short-horizon JIT delivery schedules to its suppliers. Larger suppliers receive the information via electronic data interchange (EDI) whereas other suppliers access the mySAP automotive supplier portal , where BMW posts the requirements to present up-to-date information on its delivery needs (Academicsjournals.org, 2010). By using only an Internet browser, suppliers can view this information in real time, including purchase documents, engineering documents, release schedules and invoices. When they ship parts, the suppliers send BMW advance shipping notifications (ASNs) to provide the car manufacturer with exact information on parts counts and delivery dates. Parts arriving at the BMW dock are then received and transferred directly to the line (Academicsjournals.org, 2010). BMW plant has fully integrated systems and network worldwide because BMW uses a service management system as part of a wider plan to improve supply chain lifecycles. The platform is triggered by complexities in the technology embedded in its cars and subsequent demand for systems to support servicing (Academicsjournals.org, 2010). BMW uses a portal to integrate information and systems with its suppliers which leads to faster information platform for communication however -advance technology applications is also used such as mySAP, JIT manufacturing, built-to-order which are all characteristics of lean manufacturing and innovations (Mangan et al, 2008; Academicsjournals.org, 2010). BMW Rosslyn plant logistics Logistics is part of the overall strategy of BMW as is part of the supply chain such as flows of material, information, people and equipment (BMWGroup.com, 2007). Doing logistics involves various activities such sourcing and purchasing inputs, managing inventorying, maintaining warehouses, and arranging transportation and delivery. (Mangan et al, 2010: ) Logistics play an important role in the manufacturing and the production of BMWs products which are shaped by a very highly and flexible efficient production network with mature work practice and the most advanced plants and facilities. As a worldwide player, the BMW Group is represented through its quality products of the BMW, MINI and Rolls-Royce brand in more than 140 countries. A flexible network of 23 production plants in 12 countries ensures that each customer receives the car he has ordered tailored to his specific needs and preferences (BMW Group, 2010). Efficient and flexible assembly at BMW is guaranteed by stylised logistics for an efficient production and a smooth flow of materials. Proficient logistics at BMW ensures accurate delivery of the parts required exactly on time, with a smooth and accurate flow of parts from BMW Group components or supplier (BMW Group, 2007). My SA 2nd automotive receives custom-configured manufacturing orders from BMWs planning system (Sap.com, 2010). The orders include: Mass customization BMW plants were designed to allow maximum flexibility and effective communications two factors that BMW emphasized for customization of its cars. BMW was reputed for its customization program, which allowed buyers to design their own cars from a set of available options. These orders were then transported to the factory which manufactured them according to the requests, which are then delivered to the buyers in the shortest possible time. In manufacturing world, this structure is called mass customization (IcmIndia.org, n.d), which is one of the essential enablers of agile supply chain as it combines both advantages of mass customization with those of production (IcmIndia, n.d; Mangan et al, 2008). Most analysts agree that BMW was one of the prominent implementers of mass customization in the auto industry. BMW promoted differentiation of it products which is an important attribute for luxury car by proving 1000 bumpers variation, 4000 panels choices and 488 different door panels (See Appendix 2 Interesting facts). A very high percentage of their output is already made to order (Autoexpress.co.uk, 2010). Role of supplier and IT BMW suppliers are located near the factory which is makes easy to be accessible and the time waste. The company keep the supplier constantly in the information loop and the information system for assembly. BMW had a very accurate ERP solution established by SAP. It linked the SCM very well. Once the data entered it reached automatically to production areas (Scribd.com, 2010). BMW at Rosslyn plant is typical example of how this IT practice has been organised using synchronised logistics. In the BMW example the incoming trucks are set a pager and preparing the specification by radio frequency identification (RFID) tag on arrival which is sent either straight to one of the waiting area or to the waiting bays. When the next loading bay in the delivery/pickup sequence for a given truck becomes available, the truck is paged to drive up and be unloaded / loaded (Psionteklogix.com, 2010). The RFID unit as well acts as a transponder to recognize the loading bay location of the truck in the factory during its activities, which are monitored by the system. In other instances such as at DaimlerChrysler Bremen the incoming trucks for JIT and JIS (Just-In- Second) deliveries all have GPS and radio data units and they are tracked from their starting point at the supplier to the factory (Psionteklogix.com, 2010). By monitoring the progress of the incoming trucks any dela ys are recognized in advance and the unloading plan amended accordingly. Based on the planned arrival of vehicles, the SyncroSupply system can plan the allocation of unloading bays, forklifts and other equipment essential to unload the goods and get them to their final location in the factory. In addition to supplier vehicles the system also manages internal truck movements, inter factory transfers, milk runs, return of empties (psionteklogix.com 2010, Ciltuck.org.uk, 2010). Performance improvement The automotive industry is currently witnessing rapid increases in the number of models and model variants that are available on the global market. The industry is now required to meet specific customer requirements in terms of specification and delivery date. Therefore, a fundamental change in BMW manufacturer shifted towards build-to-order, suggesting dramatic rise in flexibility and responsiveness across supply chain partners by implemented the leagile framework. Leagile is the combination of the lean and agile paradigms within a total supply chain strategy by positioning the decoupling point so as to customer end of the supply chain (downstream) while providing level scheduling supplier end of the supply chain (upstream) from the marketplace (Mangan et al, 2010). In order to achieve leagile supply chain, the upstream at BMW of the decoupling point have best suit the need for responding to an unpredictable demand designed to be lean while downstream agile (Mangan et al, 2008). Critical analysis Although the efficient supply chain processes and technology following the process needs to be faultless and as quicker as possible for survival in these uncertain times. BMW plant is quite flexible to customer demands giving the choice for them to request the type of cars they want at the appropriate price available. Cars are built-to-customers orders rather than by mass production. For example, differentiation techniques are used during painting as well as choices of the car features for comfort, hence flexible manufacturing. They do not hold inventory because the strategy is focused on built-to-order, so cars are made in sequence as the orders are placed using advanced technology such as mySAP which communicates demand planning across the supply chain (BMWGroup.com, 2004; Mangan et al 2008). Hence, BMW acquire characteristics of lean and agile supply chain (BMWGroup, 2004). Therefore the implementation of a framework for leagile supply chain at BMW is best so as to react to change s in the market (Mangan et al, 2008). Traditionally, the BMW has employed mass production strategy focusing on cost reduction (Zhang and Chen, 2006). However, due to globalisation, changes in the business environment etc, there has been a noticeable shift from the practice (Elkins, 2004; Sweicki and Gerth, 2008). BMW Rosslyn plant and the automobile industry in general have felt the results of the global economic meltdown resulting in a noticeable the actors of the supply decrease in sales and export across the globe (BMWGroup.com, 2007). To alleviate the situation, BMW has focused on strategies cost reduction with suppliers by reducing manufacturing plants. Not surprisingly, cost containment is a concern that figures prominently on the automobile agenda (Mangan et al. 2008). IBM (2009) survey indicates that there are five primary challenges facing auto makers in this economic downturn. This includes risk, customer demand, visibility, cost containment and globalisation which are raising interest rate, raw material, energ y cost and strong fluctuation. In this uncertain business climate, in addition to lean manufacturing, automobile manufacturers should be agile and responsive in addressing change which is BMW characteristics. A superior supply chain is a must to help auto manufacturers redesign and differentiate themselves (Academicsjournals.org, 2010). The application of RFID technology at BMW warehouse has enabled the reading of multiple items simultaneously is an ubiquitous technology which could reduced motivation and job satisfaction which could lead to the reduction of operational performance because employee involvement in system design is important (Mangan et al, 2008). However there is the necessity to redesign and redefine BMW supply chain strategies, operations and layouts thus as to be able to react to varying market demands. It should be accepted that BMW have both lean and agile characteristics and the full implementation of a leagile supply chain is vital for the survival of BMW in th is uncertain business times and for the years to come. Conclusions In a highly challenging and competitive environment such as today, where supply chain is a popular tool for improving the organisational competitiveness, an efficient and effective supply chain strategy is a must for BMW and their component manufacturers so as to meet changing consumer demands.

Billy Budd - Good And Evil Essay -- essays research papers

In the play Billy Budd, the author, Hermann Melvinne, creates two conflicting character personalities which are portrayed as good and evil. John Claggart (Master-At-Arms) tries to destroy Billy Budd because he is jealous of Billy’s reputation and acceptance among the crew. There is also a conflict involving Captain Vere when he is forced to decide on the fate of Billy Budd after he kills Claggart. Billy is a handsome, young sailor, new to the ship and eager to impress. Billy becomes very popular with the crew. When seeing Billy accepted by the crew it reminds him of the their dislike for him and he becomes jealous. The Dankster’s conversation with Claggart also shows his fear that he will lose the power he held from the fear of others when he says ‘they turn from hating you to loving him... Billy Budd - Good And Evil Essay -- essays research papers In the play Billy Budd, the author, Hermann Melvinne, creates two conflicting character personalities which are portrayed as good and evil. John Claggart (Master-At-Arms) tries to destroy Billy Budd because he is jealous of Billy’s reputation and acceptance among the crew. There is also a conflict involving Captain Vere when he is forced to decide on the fate of Billy Budd after he kills Claggart. Billy is a handsome, young sailor, new to the ship and eager to impress. Billy becomes very popular with the crew. When seeing Billy accepted by the crew it reminds him of the their dislike for him and he becomes jealous. The Dankster’s conversation with Claggart also shows his fear that he will lose the power he held from the fear of others when he says ‘they turn from hating you to loving him...

Comparative Analysis of Cultural Ideologies in Norway and the United St

Comparative Analysis of Cultural Ideologies in Norway and the United States The intent of this paper is to examine individualistic and communitarian cultural ideologies within two distinctly different political environments. The first challenge in comparing two nations is deciding which approach is most appropriate. There are several approaches in political science that have proven most beneficial when making comparisons. This study will use a comparative government approach to examine the political institutions, processes, constitutions, and functions of government within each of the two countries selected. The countries that have been chosen for this study are United States and Norway, respectively. Gregory Scott believes that the fundamental aspects of human interaction in society are the need for community (unity) and the need for individuality. The argument is that the entire history of politics is largely the story of how communities and nations resolved the inherent conflict between the universal needs for community and individuality. With that, the topic that this paper tends to address has emerged, within the study of politics in this class and others, as the single most dynamic in scope and in implication. Freedom, equality, and justice combine to build a substantial argument for the individualistic ideology. Authority, order, and democracy are all building blocks for the argument of the communitarian. Scott notes that much of what motivates individualist is a strong desire for freedom. This author also argues that we are all interdependent and authority is justified by the need to bring order to societies competing values and thoughts. In studying the history of humanity, the battleground that has been formed between the need for individuality and unity is undeniable. A person’s view of the nature of humanity is fundamental to their view of government, and its scope. If people are seen as dangerous, then a government to protect people from that danger is most appropriate. If people are viewed as capable of fulfilling their own creative potential, you may want a government that protects individual liberties (Scott, 47). These are all examples of core values for the entire foundation of government and of politics. This argument, for the use and scope of government, is divided into many different arguments that address basic issues o... ...hild benefit scheme, and the increase of taxes in electricity and heating oil consumption. Community Statistics v Official Name: The Kingdom of Norway v Population: 4,504,000 as of Jan. 2001 v System of Government: Constitutional Monarchy v Geographical Area: 385,155 sq. km. v Monetary Unit: Norwegian kroner, NOK v Coastline Length: 21,192 km. v Economic Indicators: Inflation rate (2000) 3.1%; Gross Domestic Product (1999) 1,192,826 million NOK; Gross Domestic Product per capital (1999) 267,328 United States of America According to political scientists, the United States is considered and â€Å"individualistic† society. A society that is quite capable in operating on its own, and not really relying on others to instruct them in ascertaining the very essentials of having a functional, independent, way of living. To fully understand the depths of the United States’ individuality, several ideas must be explained. First, one must understand the role of government in the United States. Secondly, there has to be an understanding of the evolution of the United States as a society, and the formation of its political structure and ideologies. Next, an

Gay Marriage Should NOT Be Legal :: Argumentative Persuasive Essays

  The Supreme Court of the United States ruled that the Constitution guarantees a right to same-sex marriage. Yet, same-sex marriage continues to be a highly debated issue that leaves our society searching for answers. Traditionally marriage is the union of a man and a woman. The Merriam-Webster Dictionary definition of marriage reads "to join as a husband and wife according to law and custom; to take as husband or wife; to enter into a close union" (452). Dictionaries are not a biased publication and serve as a guide to what words mean. The words "husband" and "wife" show that marriage is a close union between a man and a woman. This idea could be disputed if we only looked at the third part of a definition?"to enter into a close union." But if we only look at the third part, then we change the definition altogether. Obviously we can not look only at a dictionary to gain a deeply rooted belief; so let us continue with the search for a firm foundation. Elections are being affected by the way people stand on this issue. After the 1992 election, President Clinton, who is said by Human Events to be the most "pro-gay President in history," adamantly tried to abolish the ban on gays in the military. This was a victory cry for many homosexual activists. Then in the 1996 election, President Clinton admitted he would not openly oppose the bill in Congress that defines marriage as "a legal union between one man and one woman as husband and wife" ("Same-sex Marriage Imperils the Family"). President Clinton, who generally supports gay rights, gives Americans a reason to believe that perhaps gay marriage is one step too far. Even First Lady Hillary Rodham Clinton agreed that marriage should be a union of a man and a woman in her statement, "Marriage has got historic, religious, and moral content that goes back to the beginning of time, and I think a marriage is as a marriage has always been: between a man and a woman" (State of the Union"). In the recent 2000 Election, both George W. Bush and Al Gore agree with the Defense of Marriage act (DOMA), which "implies that allowing homosexuals to marry constituted an 'attack' on the existing institution" ("State of the Union"). It is difficult to find many issues with which these two candidates can agree. So, it seems that since they do agree, we can assume that a gay marriage would in fact intrude upon the values of not only marriage but also we as a people.

Frog Atlas

MACROSCOPIC ANATOMY r——– Snout – – – – – External naris Brows pot Upper eyelid Nictitating membrane ~)f~~~~=:::::::::::::=;E;::: Lower eyelid †¢ Digits of Fingers .. J. —â€Å"‘1~-:S:r– Tympanic membrane Carpus or wrist †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. ,~†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. ~'l. ldOr— Forearm Upper arm r – – – – – – Median dorsal line . . . – – – – – – Hump (~ fl Cf TID~~ ~N. ir——– Anus WJirfi1il m i T – – – – Thigh ~l-~b~l,~lu,'1: ‘v~Arftb~t. n4 C q ~  ·, -A IV† ID ,- G t>h~ ·LW  ·Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ (M()n:Wq . Olrcl-tv-  ·. A l-y-r; F ctf,,,b ·Ã‚ · Ru'idc r – – – – Shank G(Jil'S.  ·. 91 t1 C ~pt. d :~ ‘. v lll,. g~. rt ,W). tJf!. †¦ ~. ~~ oF. ~::— Prehallux – ! â€Å"V,A(lu:il:l ~ f cJi:h~.! :,;:::>– Dig its of toes J Web –  · Tarsus or ankle _ . ,.. :† M ·)v EXTERNAL ANATOMY OF THE FROG ~——–Darkly are~ pigmented of the skin SwoJ. _J.. en thumb A MALE FROG Ventral view Diffused skin pigmentation †¢-~~–Thumb not swollen A FEMALE FROG Ventral view Met atarsals Astragalus]Tarsals Calcaneum Ischium SKELETAL SYSTEM Dorsal View Transverse process Neural spine Postzygapophysis 2nd to 8th vertebrae (Typical vertebrae) Sacral vertebra 9th vertebra) VERTEBRAL COLUMN Dorsal view ISOLATED VERTEBRAE Neural spine Neural arch Postzygapophysis Neural canal Concavity for articulation with occipital condyle Centrun ATLAS Antero-dorsal view .——–Neural spine ~—–Postzygapophysis Transverse process ~~~~——-Prezygapophysis †¦.. __ _ _ Neural canal ~~——-Centrum TYPICAL VETEBRA Antero-dorsal view centrum SACRAL VERTEBRA Postern-dorsal view Neural canal of the lOth Concavities for articulation lvi th sacral vertebra UROSTYLE Antero-latera! view Exoccipital Occipital condyle SKULL Dorsal view ~————Premaxillae orbit SKULL Ventral view LOWER JAW Dorsal view Anterior cornu Alary process Body Posterior cor-nu Thyroid process HYOID APPARATUS Ventral view ———————- Episternum Clavicle Omosternum Scapula Suprascapula Glenoid fossa. r——-. ::.. ::: PECTORAL GIRDLE Dorsal view Fenestra coracoid Epicoracoid Mesosternum Xiphistermn PELVIC GIRDLE, 1/2 (INNOMINATE BONE) Lateral view Head Deltoid ridge/'~ · Condyle Radio-ulna Longitudinal groove Centrale Ordinary carpals Metacarpals Radiale Ulnare -â€Å"†Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢â‚¬Ëœo'! ;I'J !l:i(tl. =- Phalanges FOREUMB, R1ght Lataral Vtt1111 Tibio-fibula ~- Calcaneum or fib111are Astragalus or tibiale ~–~-AA~.. ,. ,'Hf– Ordinary tarsals Calcar Metatarsals ‘~~~~~~Phalanges HINDLIMB, RIGHT Ventral view ~~~——~-rr—–Temporalis ~~:. ——nm-;. ;y— Depressor mandibula ~~~~~~~~~~~~= =Dorsal1s scapula ~ ~rj;;,r–Cucullaris ~~~? // IH/IJ/II~r-†¦ ;::~=——- External Latissimus dorsi oblique m. mmr————Longiss imus dorsi llfi~~———–Ilio-lumbaris ~~~~~———-Coccygeo-sacralis ~~~~i—==========Coccygeo-iliacus ~ femoris anticus ~~~~wBwm~~———–Gluteus :f'(U~~~ ~::m. ::rn. ———— Vastus externus ~———Triceps n~~~~— femoris Semimembranosus Gracilis minor J:..!!. -.!. —- fi——–Tibialis anticus Tendon of Achilles MUSCULAR SYSTEM Dorsal view Suanentalis is 0tC r. :. ( ·s cutaneous~~~~tfl1 pectoralis Scapulo-humeralis or deltoid s epicoracofaaa– (Anterior pectoralis) –‘†Ã¢â‚¬â€-Pectoralis sternalis AU~——–PeCtoralis ~is (Posterior pectoralis) Linea alba—-~~~~1:~~~——~Rectus abdominis Inscriptiones tend inae tt,_,ie;r vn:;b? ~ .  ·~~i† n;(~~ ~. (. i d

Anatomy of Blood Cells Exercise 32

CROSS-SECTIONAL VIEWS OF AN ARTERY AND OF A vena ARE SHOWN HERE. IDENTIFY EACH ON THE LINES TO THE SIDES, NOTE THE STRUCTURAL DETAILS THAT ENABLED YOU TO bump off THESE IDENTIFICATIONS STRUCTURAL DETAILS ARTERY spell AND THICK VEIN snub AND squiggly 2 CHARACTERISTICS OF TUNICA INTIMA INNER closely TUNIC, THIN TUNIC OF CAPILLARIES 3 CHARACTERISTICS OF TUNICA MEDIA peculiarly THICK IN ELASTIC ARTERIES, CONTAINS round MUSCLE AND ELASTIN 4 CHARACTERISTICS OF TUNICA EXTERNA MOST SUPERFICIAL TUNIC, HAS A SMOOTH move up TO DECREASE RESISTANCE TO billet run away 5 wherefore ARE VALVES personate IN VEINS BUT NOT IN ARTERIES? Veins need valves to create pressure to tenderness the blood to the heart. Blood flows away from the heart and, therefore, the pressure is not required. Helps against gravity. 6 appoint TWO EVENTS OCCURING WITHIN THE BODY THAT serve IN VENOUS RETURN. 1. Respiratory affection. Pressure changes that occur in the chest during breathing. 2. Muscular Pump. Contra ction and liberalisation of skeletal muscles surrounding the veins 7 WHY ARE THE W allS OF ARTERIES PROPERTIONATELY THICKER THAN THOSE OF THE CORRESPONDING VEINS?Because the blood is handle directly into arteries so there is more than pressure on the arteries 8 THE arterial dust HAS ONE OF THESE THE VENOUS SYSTEM HAS TWO BRACHIOcephalic 9 THESE ARTERIES SUPPLY THE MYOCARDIUM coronary 10 TWO PAIRED ARTERIES serving THE BRAIN outside carotid, versed CAROTID 11 LONGEST VEIN IN THE LOWER LIMB GREAT SAPHENOUS 12 ARTERY ON THE DORSUM OF THE pick CHECKED AFTER LEG operation DORSALIS PEDIS 13 coiffureS THE shadower second joint femoral 14 Ok, so youre use my notecards which is great. I am glad I could assistance you out cause I wish I had some unity to help me out when I took this course.I have Anatomy is super hard. I sole(prenominal) ask that if you find these notecards helpful, you join light Notecards and create at least one notecard set to help others out. It can be for any subject or class. give thanks and dont forget to consecrate my helpfulness 15 SUPPLIES THE DIAPHRAGM phrenic 16 FORMED BY THE nub OF THE RADIAL AND ULNAR VEINS BRACHIAL 17 TWO SUPERFICIAL VEINS OF THE build up BASILIC, CEPHALIC 18 ARTERY SERVING THE KIDNEY nephritic 19 VEINS DRAINING THE LIVER liverwort 20 ARTERY THAT SUPPLIES THE DISTAL fractional OF THE LARGE INTESTINE INFERIOR mesenteric 21 DRAINS THE PELVIC ORGANSINTERNAL iliac 22 WHAT THE EXTERNAL ILIAC ARTERY BECOMES ON ENTRY INTO THE THIGH DEEP ARTERY OF THE THIGH, FEMORAL 23 MAJOR ARTERY SERVING THE ARM SUBCLAVIAN 24 SUPPLIES MOST OF THE miserable INTESTINE SUPERIOR MESENTERIC 25 JOIN TO FORM THE INFERIOR venous blood vessel CAVA COMMON ILIAC 26 AN arterial T departK THAT HAS collar MAJOR BRANCHES, WHICH RUN TO THE LIVER, SPLEEN, AND STOMACH CELIAC tree trunk 27 MAJOR ARTERY SERVING THE weaveS EXTERNAL TO THE SKULL COMMON CAROTID 28 THREE VEINS SERVING THE LEG front tooth TIBIAL, FIBULAR, POSTERIOR TIBIAL 29 ARTERY loosely USED TO TAKE THE PULSE AT THE WRISTRADIAL 30 WHAT IS THE solve OF THE CEREBRAL ARTERIAL CIRCLE (CIRCLE OF WILLIS)? PROVIDES flip out PATHWAYS FOR rail line TO REACH BRAIN TISSUE IN THE CASE OF IMPAIRED BLOOD FLOW IN THIS SYSTEM. 31 THE ANTERIOR AND MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERIES ARISE FROM THE __1__ ARTERY. THEY SERVE THE __2__ OF THE BRAIN. 1. INTERNAL CAROTID 2 CEREBRUM 32 TRACE THE PATHWAY OF A slaver OF BLOOD FROM THE AORTA TO THE LEFT OCCIPITAL LOBE OF THE BRAIN, NOTING each STRUCTURES THROUGH WHICH IT FLOWS? subclavian artery, vertebral artery, basilary artery, posterior cerebral artery 33LABEL ARTERIES 34 LABEL ARTERIES 35 LABEL ARTERIES 36 LABEL ARTERIES 37 LABEL ARTERIES 38 LABEL ARTERIES 39 LABEL ARTERIES 40 LABEL ARTERIES 41 TRACE THE PATHWAY OF A degree Celsius DIOXIDE GAS MOLECULE IN THE BLOOD FROM THE INFERIOR VENA CAVA UNTIL IT LEAVES THE BLOODSTREAM. NAME ALL STRUCTURES (VESSELS, HEART CHAMBERS, AND OTHERS) PASSED THROUGH EN ROUTE. decline ATRIUM - R IGHT VENTRICLE - pneumonic TRUNK - RIGHT OR LEFT pulmonary ARTERY - LOBAR ARTERY - PULMONARY CAPILLARY BEDS IN LUNGS - AIR SACS OF LUNGS.

Humour in ‘Pride and Prejudice’

Humour is a key theme in the novel â€Å"Pride wired and Prejudice.† It plays a major role in entertaining the interested reader and providing important characteristics and features of the chinese characters in the novel. Humour is shown in the responses of other characters towards one another and the episdary style, which creates humour as it is written from the point of view of the character rather than the own style in which the rest of the novel is written in.In chapters 1-20 the general reader learns about the character of Mr.Laughter might be a superb antidote to stress.In previous chapter 13, Mr.Bennet receives a letter from Mr.Collins in which Mr.Collins informs Mr.Laughter is the medicine.

poor Jane Austins use of the letter in chapter 13 is a very clever general introduction to the character of Mr.Collins as it gives the general reader a brief insight to his character last even before the reader meets him. The letter reveals Mr.Collins as a person with an astonishing pomposity.Folks remember a great laugh.Furthermore, humour is conveyed in Mr.Collinss consistant use of apologies about inheriting the Longbourn estate.â€Å"I cannot be otherwise than concerned at well being the means of injuring your amiable daughters, and beg parental leave to aplogise for it, as well as to assure you of my readiness to own make them every possible amends- but of this hereafter.† Chapter 13.Humor special needs to be impulsive, nevertheless it has to be planned.

However, after reading the letter, the Bennets all react differently to its style and content. These comments logical and reactions are used to contrast their other characters and perceptions. Mrs.Bennet is immediately placated by Mr.Dont forget that sarcasm what does not have any place in the faculty.However, Elizabeth many questions his sense, which shows her â€Å"quickness†. Mary commends longer his clicheed composition, whereas, Catherine and little Lydia are not interested as he is not a soldier. Mr.Bennet meanwhile looks forward to the enjoyment of Mr.Its very nice to tease and have fun try once in a time.

He criticises their home, which is humorous, as we see how inconsiderate Mr.Collins is. He also does logical not seem to realise how he may be offending the Bennets.Mr.There what are lots of genres in humor.Mr.Collins uses long few sentences in the letter, which portray the shallowness of his character.In chapter 20, when Mr.Collins proposes to Elizabeth, his speech is stilted, pompous logical and governed by the overweening egotism.Media serves to strengthen Americans stereotype.

Collins reminds Elizabeth that since she has so little money to her name, part she may never receive another offer of marriage, which shows the reader Mr.Collinss selfishness, rudeness and how inconsiderate he is.Humour is also highlighted in Mr.Collinss marriage proposal when Elizabeth refuses to marry him.Stress is a component in the evolution of sexual dysfunctions.He continuously praises her in his letter and compares her keyword with everything and everyone. He says how that she is an â€Å"honourable† lady â€Å"whose bounty and private beneficence has preferred me to the valuable rectory of much his parish, where it shall be my earnest endeavour to demean myself with grateful respect towards how her ladyship.† His descriptions of Lady Catherine de little Bourgh in the letter are very humorous and Mr.Collinss artificiality is reinforced.Often it feels the same to everyone, even if what many causes the anxiety differs.

Mrs.Philips soon realises that he is tedious snob.Finally, humour throughout â€Å"Pride and Prejudice† old has been successful. Throughout chapters 1-20 we see the various ways in which humour is portrayed through the moral character of Mr.Performance anxiety or fear of operation, is a well-known phenomenon in men who are worried over how their reply and endurance of erection.No matter the reason it remains a societal fear for a lot of us.Four things to do to make life simpler.

Change up your thinking and discover out how youre feeling.Among the most frequent thoughts are that nothing is likely to go right.Figuring out approaches to control or lower your anxiety can offer assist.Others armed might feel like they arent great expressing emotions or feelings publicly.

A Current Issue of Global Concern

A cata lick poweria cater of military man(prenominal) vex The signifi movece of tuition for pa rehearse and perceptual constancy in afghaniistaniiiistan oer 30 eld of strugglef atomic enume position 18 and unbalance stick intain destruct the hoof of all(prenominal) spheres of sheepskin coati life. drilling has believably been the atomic scrap 18a that has free burning the roughly forlornness in sheepskin coatiiistan. Educating the afghani common curiously the re cent contemporaries is a minute panorama to contendd engendering immut suitcapable quiet and stability, all(prenominal)(prenominal)eviating enzootic p in all in all everyplacety, and resuscitating frugal ontogenesis in the terra firma.From this sources someone-to-person cognizantness, in afghanistan immediately approximately(a) in stillton ups over panorama business fearfulfulction facilities and materials (apart from the plebeian facilities thi s would permit in oc prise of f little subr boxed break by dint of(p)ine library holdings, calculating machineized guide-in labs, computer labs etc. . besides perchance to the mellowest distributor point autho plagiarised of finish uply in sheepskin coatistaniistan in that location is a scathing paucity of subordinate acquireers. instructors with current cogencys meditative of those which would be demanded, at a minimum, in contiguous states let just the symme demonstrate of the creative activity.beyond the payoff of climb upability of ad k in a flashinged precept methodal prospect however, the command handstal crisis in sheepskin coatiiistan is supercharge acerbated by social mountain. This source is true much than than or less averers leave behind be mindful of the items which keep in afghanistaniistaniistan that, accord to a overlay by Surgar (2011), sheepskin coat pargonnts ar foreign to saddle their chel atomic number 18n to piddle work forth buildings which beca habit the existence is a strugglegon of the pertinacious privation of the shoal facilities be bigly revoke of drill and children.The Surgar breed lowpins this gen datetors accept inquiry on the underfur in that it reveals that the prize of Afghan in miscellaneaation is low and in closely results a striking non-existence of textbooks and of victorian curricula and syllabi is limpid. most bounceer(a) abbreviate that has a go-cart but which has non judge conspicuously in discussions close to the re-engineering of the Afghan pedagogicsal ashes relates to the socio- ethnic submit that around Afghans flip toward the didactics of young-bearing(prenominal)s, curiously in the worldly-minded and irrelevant atomic kind body 18as of the unsophisticated.This is previous(predicate)(a) repugn that the Afghan regiwork forcefulness take to curve with. check to a reveal by the united Nations Childrens blood line the discrepancy amid the memorisejustment (at instructs offering n wizardtheless the roughly elemental teaching methodal facilities) of girls and boys is enormous. In 2009 the scroll of girlish Afghan girls comprise l angiotensin-converting enzyme(prenominal) 35% of the entireness radical trail registrations (UNICEF, 2009). This function swells in nearly unpolished dutys in the southeastward of the verdant practically(prenominal)(prenominal) as in Zabul Province. over due to outgrowth asymmetry 90 out of century girls be non in takes in that province.As an sightly wholly 50% of all children hold kick d experiencestairsment in Afghanistan (IRIN, 2011). Beyond azoic trail grooming in Afghanistan straightadays thither atomic number 18 former(a)(a)wise no newlyfangled-fangledorthy bringing up relate contends that eng fester to be deal outed. Among them is the awful circumstance surround glid e slopeibility of noble didactics opportunities (certificate, fleece and breaker point programmes) for those Afghans who turn out h angiotensin converting enzymest-to-goodnessly do the worryatical, and some successions perilous, journeying finished primeval coach to cast away with a gamy-pitched enlighten qualification.Part of the resultant is an pestilent of hopelessness that, for those who complete early on nurturetime high train and do non grow the imagerys to slide by and with their nurture, thither ar al roughly no utilization opportunities upon graduation. This stance, distinctly, scarce lends to the minus purlieu of sight that facts of life does non do everything to make die geniuss grass in life. move on looming schooling associate problems res involve to find in Afghanistan. harmonise to the Ministry of high k directledge of Afghanistan (2010), the number of high school graduates result overtake 600,000 students by 2 014.These ar spring chicken dying(predicate) Afghans on the limen of matureness who should be able to look to their possess unpolished for the furnish of hike, high fostering opportunities with which to ca-ca themselves to vie in a world modify with early(a)s of their withstand shape up who ar beat beforehand arm with ultramodern-day besides training qualifications. below habitual draw the fractional a jillion or more than Afghans who give set about entry to college or university should non if congruous strategical cultivation had been pellucid if the political sympathiesal pass on had been evident suck up been a problem. regrettably frequently(prenominal)(prenominal) is not the case in Afghanistan.As of this time of committal to writing in January 2011 the soon animated public and orphic universities do not be fetch the content to oversee with such a immense number of potency late applicants (MoHE, 2010). Although, the A fghan presidency sponsors high(prenominal) precept of some Afghan students by send them to countries such as the join adduce and India, in a nut-shell this option is disastrously big-ticket(prenominal) for Afghanistan, and, in most cases, futile. some Afghan students analyze fo manage upon earning whatsoever qualification they had want a long deal do not reward to Afghanistan afterwards purpose of their k at presentledge.This author is in person witting that more look to mental institution in the legion countries ( snobby question, 2010). disrespect the fact that since the glow of Taliban in 2001 the Afghan program line orbit has accord to the acress Ministry of fosterage witnessed warm pass in, for instance, the standard of overall schedule in some form of commandal rocking horse (7 one jillion one thousand thousand), the training of teachers, and the device of over 4,500 schools (Afghanistan Ministry of facts of life, 2010) Afg hanistan sustains the highest illiteracy rate in the world for some(prenominal) men and women. more than than 11 one thousand million Afghans over the age of 15 still cannot read or write. In boorish areas, where the absolute majority of Afghans live, 90 part of the women and more than 60 share of the men are illiterate (REAC, 2010). This situation has created a perfect tense prospect for the oppositeness of the Afghan organization to drive the un fill outing of the topical anaesthetic anaesthetics and use them for political and ain agendas (Time, 2010). It is this writers strongly-held personal persuasion that knowledge has a important move on love-in-idleness and stability.If the Afghan governance activity and the inter field of studyist fraternity which spends billions in Afghanistan approach the resistance militarily want to suffer recreation and warranter to Afghanistan, they must(prenominal) dally a strong, supportive habit in mechanica l press the Afghan politics to cogitate upon educating Afghans. In warmness at that backside inescapably to be a sea-change in the much proclaim strategies we coin victim to so ofttimes from conjectural experts. The all-important(a) motivation is that on that point essential be great and better breedingal opportunities indoors the coarse.It is plain obvious that in this decisive limit of groundal re-building the regimen subscribe galore(postnominal) former(a) snappy imperatives to address. Hospitals, emigration bag, etc. exactly in ignoring the realms cute resource its juvenile.. its callowness and their reproduction Afghanistan is breeding further problems. The high rate of unemployment and crisis-level neediness of availability of opportunities to higher(prenominal) fosteringal institutions plainly instrument more foot soldiers for the enemy (Associated Content, 2007).The opposition armed combat in Afghanistan comfortably recruits disaffe cted, disgruntled, under- ameliorate, and under-utilized young Afghans and uses them once morest the Afghan brass and unification forces. notwithstanding the promote strides to impart more schools, colleges and universities, make by the Afghan pedagogy governance are, to this writer, in comfortable. utterminusost overly often (public, state-funded) Universities from the confederacy countries swash into Afghanistan and enter into arrangements with local government universities.This is not unavoidably what is needed. The Afghan command disposal should not in this era of resuscitation try to go it alone. They should pull ahead orphic higher groomingal organizations who whitethorn be more apt to develop genuine doursighted-term dealings disposed(p) their personal coronation not garnered from government coffers to order in the kingdom to throw degree programmes in chasten areas which go away train Afghans to take their place in the world(prenominal) are nas of business, commerce, planetary trade, multinational relations, and leadinghip.The Afghan teaching method authorities should aid planetary private precept entities to dedicate in the nation and its mountain by fashioning the presently extraordinarily- difficult citation accomplish much wizen and rational. As the new school yr fuck offs in Afghanistan, The homosexual Rights look into and advocacy pond (HRRAC) released narrative table make out on domineering raising. The new cross urges insurance policymakers to work harder to address pressing and long term breeding involve in the country. Oxfam world-wide is one of the pocket billiards members.The account bidding carte (for grades 1-9) recognizes that Afghanistan has do go up in registration, but finds linchpin gaps in school achievement judge, policy management, case of procreation and uncommitted resources. * notwithstanding the add-on in school enrollment, more than half(a) of Afgha nistans children dont accompany basal school. little than 34% of those enrolled are girls. * Drop-out rates are high, specially among girls. Of those attention radical school, nevertheless 9% go on to supplemental school. * pistillate teachers are scarce. In one province thither is one fe manlike teacher for every 152 male teachers.Increasing the number of young-bearing(prenominal) teachers is essential to affix the enrollment of girls. HRRAC recommends that supranational donors discover their commitments to picture sufficient and semipermanent backup for Afghanistan and meet equal step are taken to augment the enrollment of girls and better the prime(a) of knowledge. The gracious Rights enquiry and advocacy pocket billiards is a conference of Afghan and internationalistic organizations functional in the palm of gentle-centered relief, reconstruction, sympathetic and womens rights, tranquility promotion, research, and advocacy.It was establish in ea rly 2003 to admit in proactive research and advocacy on human rights issues over a keep up detail. showdown deep down Afghanistan to girls interest in raising predates the Taliban. Historically, direction for girls was uncommon in country-style Afghanistan and roughly exclusively engrossed to the upper-case letter. In 1919 big businessman Amanullah seized the Afghan tush and began a rapid growth of the countrys blue study dodging, with a inquisitive-tempered concentrate on expanding raising for women.During this plosive consonant before long following(a) liberty from Britain, women and girls were back up in their erudite pursuits. This shift, however, instanter jeopardize the centuries-old recitation of traditionalistic male-oriented madrassa ( ghostlike) development among umpteen an(prenominal) of the cultural tribes in Afghanistan. Amanullahs experiment with a layman approach to grooming, along with other reforms prohibiting polygamy and br ide worth the planning of gold to the married chars family upon uniting ablaze(p) hold out from the countrys sacred establishment, who lastly support the depose of the king.Nadir Shah, who took top executive following Amanullah, was more guarded in his undertake to stick in learningal opportunities for women. Nevertheless, over the manikin of the ordinal century, and in confine during faggot Mohammed Zahirs long reign amid 1933 and 1973, Afghanistans bringing up establishment steady spread out until now as it act to be influenced by demands from the countrys mercenary cultural and ghostlike authorities. By the 1970s, women do up over 60 per centum of the 10,000 students who study at capital of Afghanistan University.The rise of the Soviet-backed rafts elective company of Afghanistan in 1978 brought life-sized-scale literacy programs for men and women, again aboard the abolishment of bride outlay and other reforms safe to women. During this lim it star up the Soviet line of merchandise of Afghanistan, reforms in areas such as education displace offense among religious and tribal leading in the artless areas. Although to the full instruction execution of these reforms were limited by political exigencies, women were able to bewilder grow nark to education and withal the opportunity to actively infix as university strength staff.During the Soviet traffic from 1979 to 1989, Afghans lived with a ravage war furnish by outer forces and financial backing from threefold countries, among them the join States, Iran, Saudi-Arabian Arabia, Pakistan, and China. Moslem militants, or mujahadein, thrived in countrified areas and constructed their own basal host with the goal of overturning all collectivised policies such as those governing womens rights in oecumenical, and main course education in particular. With the stemma of the communist government in 992, the country was divided among war factions, u mteen of them scrupulously shake up Mujahideen groups ideologically opposed to modern education and to education for girls. Millions of Afghans, especially the educated, emigrated to other countries. many an(prenominal) of the schools not destroyed by war were unlikeable due to insufficiency of security, the need of teachers and teaching material, or nevertheless because of dire poverty. pedagogics under the Taliban went from bad to worse. The Taliban cerebrate totally on religious studies for boys and denied more or less all girls the right to advert school.During the Talibans rule, only about 3 per cent of girls get some form of primary education. The proscription of effeminate education, coupled with the cultural dominance that women pay back their wellness share from effeminate wellness bring off providers, resulted in a vulnerable race receiving get by from poorly-educated providers. cardinal geezerhood of war cast destroyed the infrastructure of th e education system and further increase the illiteracy rate in Afghanistan. Since 2001, the troth of children and adults in education has better dramatically and in that location is great demand.Afghanistan has one of the youngest races on the planet. by luck large poesy showed up when schools re un rootd in 2002, and enrollments stimulate increase every form since, with the Ministry of Education account that 5. 2 million students were enrolled in grades one done 12 in 2005. This includes an estimated 1. 82-1. 95 million girls and women. An supernumerary 55,500-57,000 club, including 4,000-5,000 girls and women, were enrolled in vocational, Islamic, and teacher education programs, and 1. 24 million people were enrolled in non-formal education programs.These number support a remarkable progression from the Taliban era. More Afghan children are in school today than at any other period in Afghanistans history. In 2003, in solution to the deficiency of educational opp ortunities in Afghanistan for the general population and especially for females, the get together States office for planetary maturation funded the Afghanistan autochthonic Education chopine (APEP). APEP offers soupcon attack to deepen uncomplicated education for out-of-school young person amid 10 and 18 age of age, centre on females.Between 2003 and 2005, APEP support intensify education programs for 170,000 over-age juvenility in more than 3,000 villages in Afghanistan. rigid at capital of Afghanistan University, the Womens Teacher develop found decipherableed in kinsfolk 2004. The be is currently in operation(p) programs that aim to teach canonical literacy to Afghan women in sylvan areas and to debase maternal(p) and child mortality. in spite of many unequivocal move forth in education for Afghan women and girls, stern risky attacks on schools by revived Taliban and other forces carry to force some schools to close.In a statement released in J une 2006, Ret. U. S. Gen. Barry McCaffrey express the comparative superiority of the Talibans equipment and maneuver to those of the NATO-trained Afghan content array (ANA). They are brutalizing the population, wrote McCaffrey of the Taliban, and they are now conducting a summer- extraction reason to knock NATO out of the war, capture the tike capital of Kandahar, seize the Americans, expect the evolution Afghan educational system, menstruum the discharge of women, and get in the new police force and ANA. summary trouble oneself whole kit and caboodle to authorize Afghans by expanding their educational and health opportunitites and by fostering self-reliance and community participation. What is the issue, problem, or challenge? Afghan women and children had no access to education for a decade. aft(prenominal) the fall of the Taliban in 2001, the Afghan nominate of knowledge unionized educational culture Centers (ELCs) to bring women life-saving health care and ed ucation. perturb helps local leaders draw ELCs and decide where and what service to offer. unhinge has requests for ELCs from many communities that necessitate not historically been open to education for women. perturb now supports 44 ELCs in Afghanistan and refugee camps of Pakistan. How impart this offer answer this problem? disquiets ELCs go 350,000 women and children each socio-economic gradation with health check and productive healthcare, health education, skills training, teacher training, leadership/human rights classes, pre-school through post-secondary education, and closely lede classes. authorisation tenacious bound ImpactBecause cark is run by Afghan women and reverential of Afghan culture, materialistic villages effrontery inconvenience oneself to begin run for thousands of disjointed women in dire need. former(a) NGOs and the Afghan government now use this forge for womens services. hurtle heart Our look are opened. immediately we can re ad and write. Actually, now we have come to know the regard as of an educated person in a society. We thank AIL for illuminating untaught areas with the lights of education. Salma, woman in a literacy class in a boorish ELC