The Power of Hardys Tess of the dUrbervilles Essay -- Tess of the d

The Power of Tess of the d'Urbervilles      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   "If an offence come out of the truth, better it is that the offence come than the truth be concealed." Thomas Hardy added these words in the introduction to the fifth edition of this novel (Hardy v). He provided this quote from St. Jerome somewhat defensively, in response to the criticism he received for Tess prior to this edition.    Originally printed in serial form in two magazines, this novel underwent bowdlerization in order to be published. As a requirement of the publisher, Hardy changed scenes such as the baby's baptism, Tess's rape, and Alec's murder. The process of changing the novel angered Hardy, but his financial need of publishing the novel outweighed his negative feelings about doing so. This novel finally became published in its entirety in 1891. This novel caused such a controversy that Donald Hall called this novel "a cause" (417). Considered a radical writer, Hardy included the lower social classes and the plight of women, and he wrote about them in a provoking and defiant manner. Scientists, such as Charles Darwin, and social thinkers, such as John Stuart Mill, affected his thoughts and writings. Writers rarely wrote about these subjects in such a way during Victorian times.    The Victorian times and attitudes victimize Tess, despite the fact that she possesses high morals and standards. The aim of this paper is to show how Hardy illustrates this in many ways. Her family, social, and economic background provide the reader with a perspective of living as a poor woman during the Victorian Era. Another avenue Hardy uses to show the unfairness of life for a poor woman during these times is two men who victimize Tess, Angel Clare and Alec d'Urberv... ... You do Talk!': Some Features of Hardy's Dialogue." New Perspectives on Thomas Hardy. Ed. Charles P. C. Pettit. New York: St. Martin's, 1994. 117-36. Claridge, Laura. "Tess: A Less Than Pure Woman Ambivalently Presented." Texas Studies in Literature and Language 28 (1986): 324-38. Hall, Donald. Afterward. Tess of the d'Urbervilles. By Thomas Hardy. New York: Signet, 1980. 417-27. Hardy, Thomas. Tess of the d'Urbervilles. 1891. New York: Signet Classic, 1980. McMurtry, Jo. Victorian Life and Victorian Fiction. Hamden: Shoe String, 1979. Mickelson, Anne Z. Thomas Hardy's Women and Men: The Defeat of Nature. Metuchen: Scarecrow, 1976. Stubbs, Patricia. Women and Fiction. Sussex: Harvester, 1979. Walvin, James. Victorian Values. Athens: UGA Press, 1987. Weissman, Judith. Half Savage and Hardy and Free. Middletown: Wesleyan UP, 1987.   

Explaining Crime

Causes of crime are arguably criminology’s most important and largest research topic. In this process of research, criminologists and academics have used numerous theories in attempts to explain how and why people resort to crime (Ellis, Beaver, Wright, 2009). The purpose of this paper is to examine a case study first with the use of strain theories (ST), followed by social learning theory (SLT). The first section will involve a summary of the case of R v Mark Andrew HUGHES (2009) NSWDC 404 involving an outline of the offender’s personal life, of his crimes, and his punishment handed down by the New South Wales District Court. It is important to outline these facts in order to refer to them and appropriately analyse them. The following section will use strain theories to analyse factors and causes that lead the offender to commit his crimes. Anomie and strain theory will be used here with respect to Merton’s concept of â€Å"retreatism† (Merton, in Alder, Laufer, 1995), as well as Agnew’s general strain theory (GST) as it accounts for individual and emotional strain derived from negative relationships (Agnew, 1992). These will be the primary theories used for analysis in this paper as they are most relevant. The final section will involve the application of SLT. Drawing from the case of R v Mark Andrew HUGHES (2009) NSWDC 404, the offender is a forty seven year old man named Mark Andrew Hughes and will be referred to as Mr Hughes for the duration of this paper. Mr Hughes childhood involved a significant degree of negative stimuli. For example, Mr Hughes experienced rejection through the failed relationship of his mother and father at a very young age, resulting in the complete absence of his biological father. Mr Hughes was then subjected to his mother’s new marriage and relationship with a man who was to become his stepfather. This relationship became volatile and involved alcohol abuse and violence, resulting also in separation and divorce. In addition, Mr Hughes was subjected to his mother’s battled with some mental health issues, and problems with the abuse of prescription medicine. Mr Hughes adult relationships somewhat reflect his mothers. He married two times of which both resulted in divorce. Importantly, the first marriage was in 1991 and created three children, of which one tragically died at seven months of age. He is currently is having virtually no contact with the other two who are now teenagers. Mr Hughes notes his second marriage (1996-2005) was extremely important to him, however collapsed due to his relationship with drugs. This marriage created two children whom he has contact with every Sunday, however his current circumstances (in custody) means this is via telephone. Apart from the minimal contact Mr Hughes has with his two sons, he has been cut off from his family. It is also acknowledged that Mr Hughes had been seeing a counsellor however stopped just prior to his crimes due to the effects of his drug addiction at the time. Drugs have been a big part of Mr Hughes life from a young age. He began using cannabis at age twelve, and his first experience with heroin was age fifteen, which resulted in addictions and long periods of residential treatment. It has been reported that in times of personal upheaval, Mr Hughes is incapable of controlling his desire to resort to drugs (substance abuse) in order to escape. In fact, in recent years Mr Hughes drug addiction has involved speed and ice to such an extent that he needed to remain high (drug-affected) in order to avoid the pain of â€Å"coming down†, which was a daily habit that cost over $400 a day. It could be said that as a result of Mr Hughes early life experiences, gaining an education was a struggle, and has been limited. For instance he finished his schooling half way through secondary education, resulting in several unskilled jobs however, shortly prior to a breakdown in his second marriage, and his criminal conduct, he held a job in a recycling factory for almost fourteen years. It should be noted that the court points out the findings from a well-known clinical forensic psychologist called W John Taylor, who states that based on Mr Hughes history, he felt he had a conduct disorder in his early teenage years, confirms he is clearly battling with drug abuse disorders, and is currently suffering with depression. However he feels that Mr Hughes is genuine in his desire to overcome his addiction with drugs, and with the right support, he has a chance at reforming his behaviour and addictions. This brings us to the second issue to be outlined, that is Mr Hughes crimes. Aside from a charge of break and enter as a child, another charge regarding sexual relations with a juvenile when he himself was a juvenile, and at the age of twenty-two, convictions for false pretences, theft and drug use, Mr Hughes has managed to remain crime free regardless of his drug addictions. Also, until the most recent crimes, Mr Hughes has never served a prison term. Thus in view of these facts, the court regards this as an insignificant criminal record considering Mr Hughes current age. During the months of September to the end of November 2008 Mr Hughes resurfaces with six serious criminal offences, mostly involving break enter and steal of which was from a business, a warehouse, a workshop and two homes. Two of these offences involved criminal acts that incurred separate charges, which were stealing a car from one of the homes he entered, and also damaging property. Importantly one of the six offences was an aggravated break enter and steal from a home as one of the owners (husband) came home and surprised Mr Hughes while he was inside stealing. Mr Hughes responded with aggressive behaviour threatening him with what has been described as wire cutter, eventually forcing the man on a bed and telling him to stay there and he would not harm him. The man warned Mr Hughes that his wife was due home and hoped this would scare Mr Hughes off, however it resulted in Mr Hughes tying up the victim’s hands, and gagging his mouth for a short period of time while he continued to steal and ransack the home. It was mentioned that Mr Hughes did not cause any physical harm, however the crime is regarded as very serious. Finally, the court came to the overall sentence for his crimes of eight years and five months, with a non-parole period of five years and five months. The sentencing process considers a range of factors which will be discussed later. Agnew’s (1992) GST proposes that crime is committed as a result of pressure or strain that is derived from negative relationships and subsequent life experiences or events through those relationships. These relationships include three types of strain that involve situations where a person has taken away something valuable from another, ruined another’s opportunities to achieve a valued goal/s, or the infliction of offensive and unwanted stimuli (Bernard, Snipes, Gerould, 2010). The consequences of being subjected to strains of this nature, is the generation of various negative emotions within the person like depression, fear, anger, frustration, disappointment, and anxiety. Thus, depending on an individual’s characteristics and environment, these negative emotions can lead them to commit crime (Agnew, 2006). The way in which a person responds to this strain and subsequent negative emotion, is to either accept their current situation with a positive outlook, which usually involves the individual having a good support network; or turning to delinquent behaviour and the use of drugs to avoid negative emotions (Agnew, 2006; Bernard, Snipes, Gerould, 2010). From this we can already begin to see some of the aspects of GST in the case of Mr Hughes. For example, referring back to Mr Hughes personal details, Agnew would argue that because this man’s troubles started as a child through the loss of a relationship with his biological father, the introduction of a new father who presented negative stimuli and was â€Å"imposed/not wanted†, and he was unable to remove himself from this situation or relationship due to his age, he was therefore subjected to the effects of emotional strain. In addition to this, the most significant person in his life (mother) was also presenting negative stimuli by self-medicating and engaging in volatile arguments with the stepfather. According to GST, as a child/adolescent, Mr Hughes would have been suffering with feelings like fear, anger, and disappointment, and so taking drugs was his way to directly cope/manage these emotions and interpersonal problems (Agnew, 2006). The fact that Mr Hughes was very young when he began to take drugs, as well as dropping out of school early, and committing some forms of crime, is evidence of the explained process of Agnew’s concepts in GST, and in fact were primarily used to explain delinquency and drug use in adolescents (Bernard, Snipes, Gerould, 2010, p. 64). Additionally, before Mr Hughes committed these most recent crimes, he has in many ways re-experienced these issues in his adult relationships. For example, the tragic loss of his first born son, the loss of his contact with his daughters and wife from the first marriage, are all examples of something valuable being removed from his life. This then occurred again in the next marriage, which Mr Hughes had stated w as very important to him, and a very big loss. Social Learning theory can also help to explain this repeated experience of Mr Hughes and will be discussed later. There are two other explanations through the use of strain theory that can help to explain why Mr Hughes lived most of his life crime free, in spite of his drug habit, before committing his most recent crimes. Firstly Agnew developed another concept within GST in the form of â€Å"storylines† which operate at a time-based level and can help to draw connections from past events to explain current issues or ‘situation cues’ (see Agnew, 2006b). Using this concept it could be said that Mr Hughes most recent crimes are a result of his desperate need for money to support his sever drug habit that is primarily a result of coping with his emotions that stem back to childhood. The second concept is derived from Merton’s (1968) idea of anomie, where by society’s expectations and emphasis is strongly attached to the idea of always striving to achieve monetary success, which is generally proven through the accumulation of things like houses, cars, private schooling and general wealth. However Merton argues that opportunities to achieve this success are not evenly distributed, and it is usually the lower class citizens that struggle to achieve the final goal (Merton, 1968). Never the less, each individual is expected to continue to try for their own self-respect and value (Merton, in Alder, Laufer, 1995). Merton offers four ways in which people may respond to their ability to achieve wealth, or not, through institutionalized means (see Bernard, Snipes, Gerould, 2010, p157). The most relevant of these responses with regard to Mr Hughes would be ‘retreatism’. Rendering this concept, aside from long term drug use, the fact that Mr Hughes lead most of his adult life up until this point, as a law abiding citizen, and held his job for fourteen years, attempted to have a family on two occasions, and attended counselling in an attempt to rectify his personal issues and better himself, are all signs that he strived to achieve the expected societal goals and aspirations to the best of his ability within his available means. That is with limited education, no acquired skills, and limited social skills. From this, it would be argued that Mr Hughes has come to the realisation that he has once again lost his battle with drugs, and as a result failed another marriage, losing contact with his children a second time, then losing his long term job, finding himself without any family support of any kind, and thus believing, then accepting that he will never actually achieve anything. In his response to his battle to achieve, he has become a classic â€Å"retreatist†, as the strain became too much to bear, thus becoming deeply engrossed in his addiction with ice to such an extent that he had to steel to fund his addiction (Merton, 1968). The underlying societal values and importance of accumulating wealth are heard in the various comments of Judge Cogswell in response to Mr Hughes crimes, and in determining sentencing (see R v Mark Andrew HUGHES [2009] NSWDC 404). One example can be seen in this comment: â€Å"Once again, one can imagine the inconvenience and distress which the theft of computer and mobile phones must have had on the managers of that business†. These comments are not just due to the loss of the physicality of the objects themselves, but also their use in the business, as they would be an important aspect in facilitating the institutional means of achieving further success. Also in Mr Hughes most serious crime, the comments again refer to the victim’s home being used to commit crime. For instance it was stated â€Å"This must have been an extraordinarily terrifying experience for the clergyman, whose home was used to commit this crime by Mr Hughes†. This again clearly shows the importance, respect and value placed on achieved goods. These concepts of anomie and strain theory with regard to good societal goals and values are also considered and noted by the court with regard to Mr Hughes himself. For example a considerable amount of time was taken from Mr Hughes time to be served in prison to acknowledge the good in his values that was observed in the way of his remorse for his crimes, and quick pleas of guilt to all of his charges. It was stated â€Å"this has a significant impact on the administration of justice in this State†. And because he had never served time in prison before this could be regarded as special circumstances that enabled the adjustment of the ratio between the non-parole and parole period. However it was surprising that considering how in line a lot of the court responses were with the concepts found in strain theories, that one method in which could be used to help people like Mr Hughes, and that was recommended by the court appointed psychologist mentioned earlier, was later considered as un-important by Judge Cogswell. Mr Taylor had stated that in order for Mr Hughes to have a chance at rebuilding his life, his lack of social and emotional support must be considered, and believed that his program called â€Å"Ex-Inmate Program† could help with many of his issues. Mr Taylor’s ideas and concerns are in line with methods found in strain theories that would help to reduce the burden of strain (Bournard, Snipes, Gerould, 2010, p169) in the lives of people like Mr Hughes. Social learning Theory (SLT) compliments strain theory but most importantly can help to explain some aspects in this case that strain theory cannot. Firstly it can be argued through SLT that much of Mr Hughes negative behaviour has been learned through observing his mother and stepfather’s abusive relationship, nd his mother’s negative coping strategies as a result of them (Bandura, 1977). Refer back to the life history and crimes of Mr Hughes, the concept of learned behaviour may explain some of the vandalism and aggressive behaviour to the victim in Mr Hughes crimes that strain theories has not. Specifically, the concept of ‘differential associations’ in SLT would suggest that Mr Hughes has gone through an observational process over the course o f his young life that has equipped him with the skills to behave in the way he has (Akers, 1994). That he has been isolated from more pro-social behaviour, and therefore acquired various negative attitudes motives and rationalisations for his actions (Bernard, Snipes, Gerould, 2010). This can also help to explain the similar relationship behaviour and coping strategies that Mr Hughes had to his mother. Furthermore, Burgess and Akers (1966) developed the concept of differential reinforcement, which argue that individuals engage in behaviour in ways that will positively reward them and that they can identify with from observing others. Thus it can also be argued that Mr Hughes engaged in the type of criminal behaviour that he did to reward himself with goods and money that will fund/ reward him again with drugs, which then rewards him by removing not just his emotional pain, but the painful withdrawal symptoms he acknowledged he suffered at the time of these crimes. To combine both SLT and strain theories, Mr Hughes has in a sense experienced twofold the conditions to lead him to crime and negative coping strategies. For example SLT would argues Mr Hughes observed how to manage negative emotions long before he could fully experience or understand his own, through the observation of his mother’s benefits from self-medicating. Thus when he became overwhelmed with strain from his negative life experiences that are explained in the prior section through strain theories, he already had in place the learned methods/behaviour of relieving his emotional strain, which would be explained by Akers (1985) concept of ‘differential associations’. Thus the process of ‘retreating’ discussed previously in ST, became an easier process as he has mimicked or put into action his own interpreted version of coping with the use of drugs. However, unfortunately neither of these theories account for mental health or conduct disorder, both of which Mr Hughes was diagnosed with, and are significantly related to negative home environments, delinquency and substance abuse in adolescent (Linskey, Fergusson, 1995; Hinshaw, Lee, 2003). In conclusion, SLT and ST can help to understand most of the complex issues that lead to the criminal actions of MR Hughes. It is clear that both observing and experiencing negative stimuli has consumed Mr Hughes with various negative emotions that resulted in strain. It is not hard to understand from these theories how and why Mr Hughes became so addicted to drugs and struggled to manage his relationships effectively as a result of these factors. However what is not accounted for in these theories with regard to his behaviour and crimes, are the influences of his diagnosed conduct disorder he had as an adolescent or his current state of depression.

Frederick Thide s Article - 935 Words

Frederick Thide’s article, â€Å"In Search of Limiting Principles: The Eleventh Circuit Invalidates the Individual Mandate in Florida v. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services,† appearing in the Boston College Law Review claims that Congress will be crippled in its â€Å"future efforts to set social welfare policy† (Thide 2012, 370) if the Supreme Court affirms the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit’s holding that â€Å"Congress exceeded its power under the commerce clause and necessary and proper clause by requiring individuals to purchase health insurance as part of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act† (359). In his introduction, Thide (2012) describes the economic conditions of the health insurance market that brought about the need for the Affordable Care Act and presents three main ideas to support his conclusion. As a final point, Thide (2012) warns that rejecting â€Å"the view that Congress is the prima ry arbiter of what is necessary and proper,† (370) under the necessary and proper clause, may â€Å"significantly constrain Congress’s power† (359) to develop and implement â€Å"novel regulatory schemes that include the use of economic mandates† (371). After â€Å"decades of political wrangling over proposals for universal health care† (Thide 2012, 359), Congress passed the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act and President Obama signed it into law on March 23, 2010. Thide (2012) calls the act â€Å"Congress’s solution to a complex market failure† (360).

Natural Science - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 625 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/09/16 Category Biology Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? Patricia Gardner ENG 201 : 8:00 Assignment 1: Natural Science Ocean Inside the Earths mantle The mantle takes up 84 percent of the Earths structure and is composed of my different layers. Knowledge of the upper mantle is that it includes tectonic plates, magnetic pull, heat flow, and gravity studies. A new discovery has been made and scientists have discovered an ocean on the Earths upper mantle near Asia as big as the Arctic ocean. This proof was found as a seismic wave diminishing into the Earths mantle during earthquakes. Researchers estimate that up to 1 percent of the rock sinking down into the Earths mantle, in the part of which is water, works out to be what the Arctic Ocean is worth (Than printout1). Water in the Earths mantle has been known to be very important to the development of the earth due to its tectonic plates. Earthquakes are formed because of these plates shifting. When there is water in the mantle, these waves will become less stressed and thus making this a new discovery of the new â€Å"ocean†. Seismologist Micheal Wysession discovered this new ocean by analyzing more than 600,000 seismograms. Wysession noticed the waves on the siesmograms began to diminish in one area beneath Asia. Traditionally, seismologists employed a sort of CAT scan by measuring the speed of seismic waves (Anitei printout 1). â€Å"Water slows the speed of the waves a little†, Wysession explained. â€Å"Lots of dampening and a little slowing match the predictions for water very well† (Than printout 1). Predictions were evaluated stating that a cold slab of the ocean floor could have sank miles into the Earths mantle leaving the hot temperatures of the mantle to evaporate water stored in the rocks. When the water rises it appears to be a solid formation but the composition of rock in the ocean is said to be 15 percent water. This is very accurate, but Wysession points out that it is â€Å"A real back of the envelope type of calc ulation†(printout 2). Wysession has claimed the new project to be The Beijing anomaly because of the high waves formatting under the capital of China. This is going to be the beginning of a new technology break through towards finding water beneath the surface of the earth much deeper than what submarines or other like items can find. In past years scientists have been interested in the feature called the â€Å"Beijing anomaly†. The new discovery can make finding areas of water under the earths crust easier compared to the CAT scan like siesmograms used in the past. The availability of these seismograms made this discovery possible for Wysession and the rest of scientists of Washington University. Wysession calls it the Beijing anomaly not only because of the location ,but the scientist claims that â€Å"Water inside the rock goes down with the sinking slab and it is quite cold, but it heats up the deeper it goes, and the rock eventually becomes unstable and lose s its water. The water then rises up into the overlying region, which becomes saturated with water†(Anitei printout 1). The water being brought up to the surface is forming huge bodies of water under the ocean. The earth is made up of 70 percent of water. The water is stated to be a lubricant to the Earth making it possible for tectonic plates to be mobile. The plates would collide forming mountains and the water absorbs the energy used to do this action making it very important to the Earths geology. More water is going to develop and be discovered from the ocean floor thus, giving more lubrication to plates shifting. Wysession is going to further develop findings of water beneath the Earths upper mantle, and use the new source of technology to make it easier for many seismologists to follow. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Natural Science" essay for you Create order

Pursuing A College Education Is It Worth It - 1492 Words

John McKeown AP Language, Period G Ms. Hasebroock December 4, 2014 Pursuing a College Education: Is It Worth It? Due to some recent events in my life, I have been strongly contemplating on whether or not college is the right choice for me. My father went to college at St. Norbert College in DePere, Wisconsin and shortly after he received a job as a clerk at the Chicago Mercantile Exchange. He slowly worked his way up to a trading position in the pit, which can be potentially very rewarding. When the business went electronic and more and more traders started using computers instead of traditional ways, he fell behind. With the economic recession of recent years he and many others were laid off and hung out to dry. My father wasted no time in his search for employment and soon landed himself a union job as a Stationary Engineer Apprentice in Local 399 Operating Engineers of Chicago. Now he has worked his way up and is on track to become a Stationary Engineer, he will be on a pay scale similar to that which he had while he was trading futures. If my dad had not wasted his time with college and trading he would have been in the union much longer and would be much better off. The story of my father’s misfortune makes me raise the question as to whether or not college is worth the money or time invested. There are many options available to young men and women after graduating high school. Some of those options include going to college, joining the military, going into theShow MoreRelatedBenefits Of Getting A College Education1303 Words   |  6 PagesAs the price to attend college increases throughout the years many young adults are experiencing increasing difficulty in being able to pay for such an endeavor and many more are beginning to question whether or not it’s worth the price due to the faltering of the economy. 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Factors affecting customer behaviour Free Essays

Cultural Culture Is one of the most fundamental of determinant of a person’s wants, needs and behavior (determined mainly by countries- wants, needs and behavior of a Japanese differs greatly from an American) Sub-culture consists of smaller cultures within cultures. It provide a specific identification and solicitation for its members. Sub-cultures includes nationalities, religions, racial groups, etc. We will write a custom essay sample on Factors affecting customer behaviour or any similar topic only for you Order Now (The Silver market differs greatly from the Gene X or Y market in their wants and needs and where they hop) Social classes show distinct product and brand preferences. Examples are: upper Uppers, Lower uppers, Upper Middle, Lower Middle, Middle Class, Working Class, Upper Lowers and Lower Lowers. (Giordano vs†¦ Airman Exchange, BMW vs†¦ Cherry Q, Fine Dinning vs†¦ Food Courts) Social Reference Groups influences the person’s behavior (peer groups in schools determine how one should wear in school). One may be a member of the reference group or not. (Students may dress In a manner that Is consistent with a reference group he/she does not belong to) Family members constitute the Influential primary preference group. A person may acquire an orientation towards a set of values that are consistent with that of the parents or siblings. (a place of worship that a person goes to) Roles and statuses influences the buying behavior of the individual. People choose products that communicate their roles and statuses. (A senior manager may drive a Mercedes car) Personal Age and Life-cycle stage influences the buying decisions of individuals. A fresh graduate may not see the importance of buying a home vs.. Newly-weds. Newly-weds with no children may prefer a sporty car vs.. A sedan for a family with young children. Couple whose kids are Independent and have families of their own may have more leisure time to take more and longer holidays. Occupation Influences one’s needs and wants. A blue-collar worker may volt neighbor malls, whereas a white-collar worker may volt an upscale boutique for working clothes. Economic Circumstances greatly affect one’s choices. A holiday becomes unimportant when one faces economic uncertainties. Lifestyle determines a person’s pattern of living in the world, as expressed by the person’s activities, interests and opinions. One may choose a emote vacation spot while another may choose a vacation with a planned itinerary. Personality and self-concept. One may possess certain traits such as self-confidence, autonomy, deference, sociability, defensiveness and adaptability. One may choose to wear only certain brand of clothes from an obscure designers, and is not bothered by the influences others may have on him/her. Psychological Motivation- where is one on the Mascots Hierarchy of needs. One who Is trying to feed his family might pay little heed to the latest sports car. Perception- People perceive different situations differently. One might be wary of a fast-talking salesperson as an aggressive and Insincere person, whereby another may deem him to be a confident and knowledgeable, intelligent and helpful. This can be attributed experience. A person may decide to purchase a similar brand of car if he enjoy a positive experience. This is one reason why marketers are willing to let consumers â€Å"try’ their products, hoping that they will enjoy a positive experience. Beliefs and Attitudes- Through experience and learning, one may hold certain beliefs and attitudes that a product can deliver. A Mercedes Benz driver will never own another brand of car. How to cite Factors affecting customer behaviour, Papers

Differences of marxism and socialism Essay Example For Students

Differences of marxism and socialism Essay Some similarities between Marxism and Socialism is that Marxism theory is derived directly from Socialism. For example, both Ideology believe that there should be no class classifications, but in order to achieve this, the proletariat must overthrow the dictators and replace them with the proletariat in order to have lasting peace and for the first time, genuine freedom.(1)One difference is, Socialism wants capitalism and Marxism does not. Marxism believes that capitalism is the main cause for the current conditions. Therefore, it is safe to say that F. Scott Fitzgerald is a Marxist with the philosophical teaching in all his books. In The Great Gatsby, Fitzgerald creates an artificial world where money is the object of everyones desire. The characters, the setting, and the plot are very deeply submerged in a Capitalism that ends up destroying many of them in the end. Fitzgeralds criticism of Capitalism can be seen as a move to subtly promote Socialism, an ideology in which value is placed on the inherent value of an object rather than its market value. Fitzgerald makes Gatsby a novel that is not inherently Marxist or even Socialist, but one that is infused with Marxist theory. He does this by denouncing non-humanitarianism, reification, and market value. Fitzgerald implies that the Capitalist system does not work because at the end of the novel, all of the characters that represent typical American Capitalism end up either dead or completely unhappy. Fitzgeralds criticisms work to warn 1920s Amer icans of their behavior and how destructive it can be. Marxists believe very firmly in humanitarianism; they believe that as humans, we should look out for each other and care for each other since we are all on the same level. All of the characters in Gatsby nullify this idea, because they all use each other in one-way or another. For instance, Gatsby uses Nick to set up a meeting between he and Daisy. The characters also place very little value on individual human beings or on humanity as a whole. Each character is too wrapped up in him/herself that he/she does not take the time to care for others. In The Great Gatsby class levels are prominent in this novel the rich are drastically separated from the poor, and the rich wish to keep it that way. This in turn is definetly a Capitalist ideal; because the characters have this value and causes them to be corrupt, Fitzgerald is criticizing Capitalism as a system through its values. This class division is painfully apparent throughout the novel. In chapter five, some of the people at Gatsbys party are singing a popular tune of the 1920s, which includes the lyrics: the rich are getting richer/and the poor are getting children/aint we got fun? (101). The lyrics imply a general attitude of the upper classes toward the lower class. Later in the novel, Gatsby describes a young Daisy, who appears gleaming like silver, safe and proud above the hot struggles of the poor (157). This sentence captures the main argument of Marxs The Communist Manifesto. In the Manifesto, he describes the constant conflict between classes, but says that the real struggle is on the part of the lower class desiring to be free from the rule of the upper class. In this book, the upper class is portrayed as being extremely artificial and corrupt. The reason that Gatsby works so hard to become a member of the upper class is obtain the American Dream which all Americans hope to achieve. But also to impress a girl who he places a market value on wealth and therefore forces him to become a member of that c lass through illegalities in order to attain the unattainable. When Gatsby buys his house to impress Daisy, he is not simply purchasing property; he thinks he is buying a dream. At one point in the novel, Nick says that, human sympathy has its limits (143). Even the narrator of the story, who has less money and seemingly better morals than the others, is non-humanitarian he places a boundary on human emotion. Later, Nick chides Daisy and Tom for retreating back into their money or their vast carelessness and let other people clean up the messes they made (188). Here, Nick is using Daisy and Tom to typify the entire upper class. The thoughtlessness they embody typified Capitalist America for Fitzgerald. .u092df927ffcbd56b68d2388f7849cc5c , .u092df927ffcbd56b68d2388f7849cc5c .postImageUrl , .u092df927ffcbd56b68d2388f7849cc5c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u092df927ffcbd56b68d2388f7849cc5c , .u092df927ffcbd56b68d2388f7849cc5c:hover , .u092df927ffcbd56b68d2388f7849cc5c:visited , .u092df927ffcbd56b68d2388f7849cc5c:active { border:0!important; } .u092df927ffcbd56b68d2388f7849cc5c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u092df927ffcbd56b68d2388f7849cc5c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u092df927ffcbd56b68d2388f7849cc5c:active , .u092df927ffcbd56b68d2388f7849cc5c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u092df927ffcbd56b68d2388f7849cc5c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u092df927ffcbd56b68d2388f7849cc5c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u092df927ffcbd56b68d2388f7849cc5c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u092df927ffcbd56b68d2388f7849cc5c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u092df927ffcbd56b68d2388f7849cc5c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u092df927ffcbd56b68d2388f7849cc5c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u092df927ffcbd56b68d2388f7849cc5c .u092df927ffcbd56b68d2388f7849cc5c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u092df927ffcbd56b68d2388f7849cc5c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: How To Write The Title Of A Short Story In An EssayIn an essay on Gatsby, Ross Posnock claims that reification demands discussion, because it looms so importantly in The Great Gatsby. In being humanitarians, Socialists are opposed to any human being treated as a material thing. Because Capitalism is founded on commodity exchange and production, it forces the worker himself to be bought and used. Often in Gatsby, human beings are treated as objects to be obtained. For example, when Jordan talks about Toms affair, she says that hes got some woman in New York (19). Tom often treats Myrtle as an object something he has on the side. Marxist theory claims that in Capitalism, th e most desired people are perceived as desirable objects. The character most often treated as an object in Gatsby is Daisy. Almost every man that Daisy comes into contact with assumes that she can be obtained. Although Daisy gets a letter from Gatsby on her wedding night to telling her to call it off, she doesnt because Tom gives her a pearl necklace. As soon as the pearls were around her neck the incident was over (81). Not only is Daisy objectified, but she allows herself to be so. Men place a high value on her, and other mens love increase her value in Gatsbys eyes (156). The fact that Daisy allows herself to be objectified suggests that it is something that is justified by society. She projects this societal idea onto her daughter. When Daisys daughter is born, Daisy says she hopes shell be a beautiful little fool so that men will care for her (21). When Daisys daughter gets older, Daisy treats her like an object. She wants her daughter to look perfect like a little dream (123) . Daisy wants her daughter to appear perfect on the outside so that people will accept her. This treatment of children is a strong criticism of a world where nothing matters but appearance and material objects. Money and wealth are subjects that saturate the entirety of The Great Gatsby. Instead of having use value the value that is inherent in an object Capitalists place a market value on everything the value that items can be exchanged for. The strong use of market value in the novel show just how corrupt Fitzgerald thinks American society is; nothing has its own value. Marx says that with the money to buy everything comes the power to change reality into mere representation. Because of this, nothing is valued purely in and of itself. Nicks collection of books is a good example of this. They cost a lot of money and promise to unfold shining secrets of wealth, yet he never opens them (8). Another of these objects is the necklace that Tom gives Daisy to obtain her. These objects mean nothing to the characters except what they can trade for them. Gatsby even wants his share of the local heavens, implying that one can even own a piece of nature (25). Because Daisy is so objectified throughout the novel, she has a high exchange value; furthermore, the things she places value on also carry a high market value. Gatsby revalues everything in his house according to the measure of response it drew from Daisys well-loved eyes (96). He cares more about what Daisy thinks about his material possessions than he actually cares about her; furthermore, Daisy plays into this. When she cries over his pile of shirts, she is crying because she cares about his possessions and not about him. Another example is that men love Daisys voice, because it is full of money (127). In this society, human voices have an exchange value. The shallowness of 1920s Capitalist America is reflected in Fitzgeralds criticism of using market value to assess emotions and people. .ue4bd105ece171f1dd0dec1216745a708 , .ue4bd105ece171f1dd0dec1216745a708 .postImageUrl , .ue4bd105ece171f1dd0dec1216745a708 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue4bd105ece171f1dd0dec1216745a708 , .ue4bd105ece171f1dd0dec1216745a708:hover , .ue4bd105ece171f1dd0dec1216745a708:visited , .ue4bd105ece171f1dd0dec1216745a708:active { border:0!important; } .ue4bd105ece171f1dd0dec1216745a708 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue4bd105ece171f1dd0dec1216745a708 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue4bd105ece171f1dd0dec1216745a708:active , .ue4bd105ece171f1dd0dec1216745a708:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue4bd105ece171f1dd0dec1216745a708 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue4bd105ece171f1dd0dec1216745a708 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue4bd105ece171f1dd0dec1216745a708 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue4bd105ece171f1dd0dec1216745a708 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue4bd105ece171f1dd0dec1216745a708:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue4bd105ece171f1dd0dec1216745a708 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue4bd105ece171f1dd0dec1216745a708 .ue4bd105ece171f1dd0dec1216745a708-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue4bd105ece171f1dd0dec1216745a708:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Death Returns To Formula One Racing EssayFitzgeralds criticisms of American society are seen through his characters; all of the characters in Gatsby are incredibly selfish and artificial, and they represent typical Americans at that time. Through the death and corruption of many characters, Fitzgerald implies that this type of behavior is, in the end, destructive. Although the novel may not be obtrusively Marxist / Socialist, Fitzgeralds reproach of Capitalism supports Socialist ideals. Work CitedFitzgerald, F. Scott. The Great Gatsby New York: Scribner, Simon Schuster, 2003, c1953. Possnock, Ross. Works CitedCushing, Richard. Question and answers on communism. Mass: Sisters of St. Paul, 1961. Fitzgerald, F. Scott. The Great Gatsby. New York: Simon and Schuster,1996. Lewis, Roger. Money, Love, and Aspiration in The Great Gatsby. New Essays on The Great Gatsby. Ed. Matthew J. Bruccoli. New York:Cambridge University Press, 1985. 41-57. Posnock, Ross. A New World, Without Being Real: Fitzgeralds Critique of Capitalism in The Great Gatsby. Critical Essays on Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby. Ed. Scott Donaldson. Boston: GKHall and Co., 1984. 201-213.